CHITSANZO nonpolar covalent muzikondana. Covalent chomangira kumalo ozizira ndi nonpolar

A mbali yofunika kwambiri mlingo wa mankhwala a gulu la dziko masewero njira particles kulankhulana kusasintha, pakati mankhwala. The ambirimbiri zinthu yosavuta, ndicho nonmetals ndi nonpolar covalent kugwirizana mtundu, kupatula mpweya wa inert. Zitsulo mtundu woyera ndi makamaka njira kulankhulana kuzindikira ndi socialization wa ma elekitironi ufulu mu latisi krustalo.

zinthu zonse zovuta (kupatula zina organic) ali kumalo ozizira covalent mankhwala kumangigwa. Mitundu ndi zitsanzo za mankhwala awa zafotokozedwa pansipa. Padakali pano, kudziwa makhalidwe a atomu amakhudza kugawanika kulankhulana.

electronegativity

Maatomu, ndipo makamaka pakati pake penipeni (lomwe, monga ife tikudziwira, ndi zabwino adawalamulira), angathe kukopa ndi kusunga ndi elekitironi osalimba, makamaka, mapangidwe kumangidwa mankhwala. Mundawu ankatchedwa electronegativity. The Table nthawi ndi nthawi mtengo wake umakhala nthawi ndi zinthu zazikulu za subgroups lapansi. Electronegativity mtengo si nthawi zonse ndi siyana, mwachitsanzo, kusintha mtundu wa mwakusakaniza, akulowamo orbitals atomiki.

nsinga mankhwala, mitundu ndi zitsanzo zomwe zili m'munsimu, ndipo makamaka, ndi kutanthauzira kapena tsankho kusamutsidwa a ojambula izi kwa mmodzi wa gulu kumanga chafotokozedwa ndi khalidwe electronegative wa chinthu makamaka. Kusamutsidwa amapezeka kuti atomu, umene ndi wamphamvu.

Nonpolar covalent chomangira

"Chilinganizo" nonpolar covalent kulumikizana yosavuta - maatomu awiri a chikhalidwe chomwecho amaphatikizidwa mu peyala ya ma elekitironi valence zipolopolo awo. awiri chotero amatchedwa anagawa chifukwa adzaupereka kwa onsewo mofanana kumangako. Ndi kupyolera kachulukidwe socialization elekitironi mu mawonekedwe a peyala ya ma elekitironi, maatomu kusuntha mu mkhalidwe wolimba, kuyambira wathunthu elekitironi awo mlingo wakunja, ndipo "octet" (kapena "doublet" mu nkhani ya mankhwala wamba H wa hydrogen _2, iye yekha S-yozungulira, kuti akamaliza zimene zimafunika ma elekitironi awiri) - khalidwe la mlingo kunja, kumene maatomu onse, monga limafanana ndi kudzaza boma ndi mphamvu zochepa.

Chitsanzo cha sanali kumalo ozizira covalent chomangira ali inorganics ndi, zodabwitsa mmene zingamvekere, komanso umagwirira organic, nayenso. Mtundu wa kugwirizana wamba ndi zinthu zonse yosavuta - osakhala miyala ina kuposa mpweya wolemekezeka, monga valence mlingo wa inert mpweya atomu ndi kale anamaliza octet wa ma elekitironi, choncho ndi ofanana kumanga payokha ilibe tanthauzo lalikulu kwa iye, ndipo ngakhale zochepa ankafalitsa mwakhama yabwino. Mu nkhani sanali polarity organic opezeka ena dongosolo makamaka a molekyulu ndi pokhapo titachitapo.

Covalent chomangira kumalo ozizira

CHITSANZO nonpolar covalent chomangira okha ndi tinthu angapo a mankhwala osavuta, pamene mankhwala a dipoles imene elekitironi kachulukidwe anafa ankatembenukira kwa chinthu zambiri electronegative, - ndi namtindi. kuphatikiza aliyense wa maatomu ndi phindu osiyana electronegativity amapereka chomangira kumalo ozizira. Makamaka, chifukwa nkhaniyo organic - ndi kumalo ozizira covalent muzikondana. Nthawi zina amaayoni oxides zochita kupanga komanso ali kumalo ozizira, ndi mchere wa zidulo ndi amaayoni kogwirizana chimaposa mtundu.

Monga choncho muyeso wa kumalo ozizira kumangako zina ankachitira ndi mankhwala mtundu amaayoni. Ngati electronegativity a mbali ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa ena, ndi awiri elekitironi kwathunthu ankatembenukira ku likulu kulankhulana thereto. Choncho pali kusiyana mu ayoni. Aliyense amene akutola awiri elekitironi, ndi n'kukhala anion ndipo amalandira mlandu oipa, ndi imfa ya elekitironi ndi - adziwonetsa cation ndi kukhala zabwino.

Zitsanzo za zinthu zochita kupanga ndi covalent chomangira mtundu sanali kumalo ozizira

Zinthu ndi apolar covalent chomangira - Mwachitsanzo, pa bayinare mpweya mamolekyulu onse: haidrojeni (H - H), mpweya (= O), asafe (mu molekyulu ake 2 maatomu zogwirizana patatu chomangira (N ≡ N)); zakumwa ndi zinthu olimba: chlorine (cl - cl), fluoro (F - F), bromo (br - br), ayodini (I - I). Komanso zovuta zinthu wopangidwa ndi ma atomu a zinthu zosiyana, koma ndi chimodzimodzi phindu lenileni la electronegativity Mwachitsanzo, phosphorous hydride - pH _3.

Organic ndipo sanali kumalo ozizira kumanga

Omveka bwino kuti onse organic nkhani zovuta. funso nali, kodi pali ubale nonpolar mu nkhani zovuta? Yankho ndi wosavuta, ngati pang'ono zomveka kuganiza. Ngati electronegativity mfundo zokhudza zinthu amasiyana pang'ono ndi sapeka ndi dipole kamphindi mu mpanda wa, kugwirizana akhoza amatengedwa kuti sanali kumalo ozizira. Izi zili ndi mpweya ndi wa hydrogen: onse C - nsinga H nkhaniyi organic amaonedwa kukhala sanali kumalo ozizira.

CHITSANZO nonpolar covalent chomangira - dziko molekyulu, losavuta organic pawiri. Amakhala wina mpweya atomu, malinga ndi zimene valence ake, chikugwirizana ndi nsinga umodzi maatomu wa hydrogen anayi. Ndipotu, molekyulu si dipole, popeza palibe mlandu kutanthauzira chinachake ndi likuvutika kapangidwe tetrahedral. The elekitironi kachulukidwe ndi anagawira wogawana.

Chitsanzo cha sanali kumalo ozizira covalent ubale ndi mu mankhwala ovuta kwambiri organic. Iwo anazindikira likuvutika zotsatira mesomeric, ndiye, mogwirizana Chikoka elekitironi osalimba, amene mwamsanga chimatha ndi unyolo mpweya. Choncho, molekyulu hexachloroethane chomangira C - C nonpolar chifukwa kukoka yunifolomu elekitironi kachulukidwe asanu maatomu chlorine.

zina kumangigwa

Kuwonjezera covalent kwambiri ndipo zimenezi, poyamba angathe kuchitidwa pa limagwirira mwiniwake-acceptor, pali amaayoni, zachitsulo ndi wa hydrogen kumangigwa. makhalidwe Mwachidule penultimate awiri anapereka pamwamba.

Haidrojeni nsinga - ndi electrostatic intermolecular zimachitika, amene angayambe ngati pali atomu mu molekyulu ndi wina aliyense wa hydrogen ndi unshared elekitironi awiriawiri. Mtundu kogwirizana ndi yochepa kwambiri kuposa ena, koma chifukwa chakuti chinthu kumangidwa awa akhoza kupangidwa kwambiri, kumathandiza kwambiri kuti katundu pawiri lapansi.