Carbide: chilinganizo yache ndi katundu

Dziko likudziwa kwambiri mankhwala osiyana mankhwala: dongosolo miyandamiyanda. Ndipo iwo onse, monga anthu, ali payekha. N'zosatheka kupeza zinthu ziwiri zimene polinganiza mankhwala ndi thupi katundu osiyanasiyana wa mavoti.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri zochita kupanga alipo mu kuwala koyera ndi carbides. M'nkhani ino tikambirana dongosolo, thupi ndi mankhwala awo katundu, ntchito pang'ono ndi kuona ovuta chiphaso awo. Koma choyamba, pang'ono za mbiri ya chotulukira.

nkhani

zitsulo carbides wa njira zomwe timapereka pansipa, si mankhwala achilengedwe. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mamolekyulu awo amakonda kuwola ndinso mu kukhudzana ndi madzi. Choncho, tiyenera kuyesa kulankhula za kaphatikizidwe loyamba carbides.

Kuyambira 1849 pali otchula kaphatikizidwe pakachitsulo carbide, ena a chiwembu kukhala yosadziwika. kupanga zikuluzikulu inayamba mu 1893, ndi American sayansi Edward Acheson njira zimene kenako dzina lake.

History kashiamu carbide kaphatikizidwe ndi si zambiri zosiyana. Mu 1862 iye analandira German sayansi Fridrih Voler, Kutentha kwa nthaka zinaphatikizidwa ndi calcium ndi malasha.

Tsopano tiyeni tisunthire kwa nkhani zambiri zosangalatsa: mankhwala ndi thupi katundu. Ndi mwa iwo muli akamanena za ntchito kalasi zinthu.

thupi katundu

Mwamtheradi carbides onse kusiyana ndi kuuma awo. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa zolimba pa za Mohs lonse ndi tungsten carbide (9 pa 10 mfundo zotheka). Kuwonjezera zinthu zimenezi ndi refractory kwambiri: kusungunuka kutentha kwa ena a iwo ukufika madigiri zikwi ziwiri.

carbides kwambiri mankhwala inert ndi kucheza ndi ochepa zinthu. Iwo sali sungunuka solvents iliyonse. Komabe, mogwirizana ndi tinganene kuti ndi Kutha ndi madzi, chiwonongeko cha kumangidwa ndi mapangidwe hydroxide chitsulo ndi hydrocarbon.

Za zimene yamasika, ndi zina zambiri zosangalatsa zosiyanasiyana mankhwala yokhudza carbides ayankhidwa mu gawo lotsatira.

katundu mankhwala

Pafupifupi carbides onse kucheza ndi madzi. Ena - mosavuta ndipo popanda magetsi (mwachitsanzo, kashiamu carbide), ndipo ena (mwachitsanzo, Karbid Kremniya) - nthunzi ya madzi pamene madigiri mkangano kwa 1800. Reactivity Choncho zimadalira chikhalidwe kulankhulana Kusakaniza, amene tikambirana ina. Mu anachita ndi madzi n'kupanga chimasanduka osiyana. Izi zimachitika chifukwa haidrojeni ali madzi, chikugwirizana ndi mpweya mu carbide lapansi. Kumvetsa zimene zimachitika hydrocarbon (monga zingachitike ngati Kuchepetsa, ndi unsaturated pawiri), n'zotheka, zochokera valence ya mpweya ali choyambira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tili ndi kashiamu carbide, amene ndiyo njira CaC _2, tikuona kuti lili C ₂ ^2- ion. Choncho, n'zotheka kuti angagwirizanitse awiri ion wa hydrogen ndi mlandu +. Choncho, timapeza pawiri C ₂ H ₂ - acetylene. Mu njira yomweyo kuchokera pawiri monga zotayidwa carbide, amene chilinganizo Al ₄ C _3, ife CH _4. Bwanji C ₃ H _12, mupempha? Pambuyo ion ali ndi mlandu wa 12. Popeza kuti chiwerengero pazipita maatomu wa hydrogen anatsimikiza ndi chilinganizo 2n + 2 kumene N - chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya. Choncho yekha pawiri wa chilinganizo C ₃ H ₈ (propane) angathe kukhala ngati ion ndi kuyang'anira 12 mathithi patatu ion ndi mlandu 4, imene chakudya, pamene pamodzi ndi mapulotoni dziko molekyulu.

Zimene carbides makutidwe ndi okosijeni anachita. Iwo angayambe monga zosakaniza ndi atadziŵa wothandizila amphamvu oxidizing, ndi kuyatsa wamba mu mlengalenga oxygen. Ngati chirichonse chiri bwino ndi mpweya: analandira okisda awiri, ndiye ndi oxidants zina zosangalatsa. Zidalira pa chikhalidwe cha zitsulo amapanga carbide, komanso chikhalidwe cha oxidant lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, Karbid Kremniya, amene chilinganizo SiC, mwa kuchita ndi osakaniza nitric ndi zidulo hydrofluoric, ndipamene asidi hexafluorosilicic ndi mpweya. Ndipo pamene anachita lomwelo koma umodzi wokha wa asidi nitric timapeza ndi okusayidi pakachitsulo ndi mpweya. Ndi oxidizing wothandizila mulinso halogens ndi chalcogens. Anachitira carbide aliyense, anachita chilinganizo zimadalira matabwa ake.

zitsulo carbides chilinganizo zomwe takambirana - osati oimira gulu ili la mankhwala. Tsopano ife tione pa aliyense wa mankhwala m'mafakitale zofunika a kalasi kenako kulankhula za ntchito yawo mu miyoyo yathu.

ndi carbides chiyani?

Likukhalira, carbide, amene chilinganizo Mwachitsanzo, CaC _2, losiyana kwambiri mu dongosolo kuchokera SiC. Ndipo kusiyana kwenikweni mu chikhalidwe cha ubwenzi ma atomu. Mbali yoyamba tikulimbana ndi carbide mchere ngati. Gulu la mankhwala limatchedwa choncho chifukwa kwenikweni khalidwe ngati mchere ndi kwake amatha dissociating mu ayoni. Izi ubale amaayoni ndi ofooka, kuti zikhale zosavuta kuchita ndi hydrolysis anachita ndi kutembenuka kwa ena ambiri, kuphatikizapo zimene zimachitika pakati pa ayoni a.

Wina, mwina chofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale amaona covalent carbides ndi carbides: monga Mwachitsanzo, SiC kapena WC. Iwo yodziwika ndi osalimba mkulu ndi mphamvu. Komanso inert ndi refractory kuti kuchepetsa mankhwala.

Palinso zitsulo ngati carbides. M'malo mwake, iwo akhoza kuonedwa kuti kasakaniza wazitsulo zitsulo ndi mpweya. Mwa zimenezi zingathe kudziŵika, mwachitsanzo, cementite (chitsulo carbide, amene chilinganizo angakhale osiyana, koma pafupifupi avareji: Fe ₃ C), kapena chitsulo. Iwo ndi ntchito mankhwala wapakatikati mu digiri pakati carbides amaayoni ndi covalent.

Aliyense wa awa boma mitundu tikukambirana gulu la mankhwala ali ntchito zimene mukuphunzirazo. Kuti mudziwe mmene kumene ntchito aliyense wa iwo, tikambirana mu gawo lotsatira.

Othandiza ntchito carbides

Monga tanena kale, carbides covalent ndi uthunthu chachikulu cha ntchito zothandiza. Izi abrasive kapena kudula zipangizo, ndi gulu zipangizo ntchito zosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, ngati wina wa zipangizo kupanga zida thupi), ndi mbali galimoto, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi, ndi zinthu Kutentha, ndi mphamvu nyukiliya. Ndipo ichi si mndandanda wa ntchito za izi carbide superhard.

The ntchito narrowest ndi mchere zomwe zimapezeka carbides. anachita awo ndi madzi ntchito ngati njira zasayansi chopezera chimasanduka. Kuti, monga izo zimachitika, Takambirana kale pamwambapa.

Pamodzi ndi covalent zitsulo-carbides zikukwaniritsidwa lonse makampani. Monga tanena kale, mtundu uwu wa zitsulo-kukhudzana wa mankhwala nkhani ya chitsulo, chitsulo ndi mankhwala ena zitsulo ndi inclusions mpweya. Childs, zitsulo mu zinthu zina zikugwirizanirana ndi gulu la anthu d-zitsulo. N'chifukwa chake amamuchititsa kupanga kumangidwa covalent simutero, titero, anadzetsa dongosolo zitsulo.

Mu maganizo athu, ntchito zothandiza mankhwala pamwamba ndi zambiri. Tsopano amalola kuyang'ana pa ndondomeko kukonzekera awo.

Kupeza carbides

Woyamba mitundu iwiri ya carbides amene tinafotokoza, ndicho covalent ndi saltlike okonzeka kwambiri njira imodzi losavuta: mwa kuchita okusayidi wa amafotokozera ndi coke pa kutentha. Mu gawo ili la coke ndi lopangidwa ndi mpweya atomu chikugwirizana ndi mchitidwe wapangidwa oxide carbide chosiyanasiyana. gawo lina la "amanyamula" mpweya ndi ndipamene mpweya monoxide. Chotero ndondomeko ndi mowa kwambiri mphamvu, chifukwa amafuna kukhalabe kutentha (a dongosolo la madigiri 1600-2500) m'dera anachita.

A mitundu ina mankhwala ntchito zosiyanasiyana zina. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonongeka kwa pawiri limene pamapeto pake amapereka carbide. Chilinganizo cha zimene zimadalira pawiri makamaka, kotero kukambirana ife sadzatero.

Pomaliza nkhani yathu, tikambirana carbides chidwi ndi kulankhula za iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

mankhwala chidwi

ndi sodium carbide. Dongosolo la pawiri C ₂ Na _2. Izi zikhoza ankaimira zambiri monga acetylide (i.e. mankhwala a m'malo maatomu wa hydrogen mu acetylene pa maatomu ndi sodium) osati carbide. Mankhwala chilinganizo si kwathunthu kusonyeza subtleties awa, choncho akufunika kuyang'ana pa dongosolo la. Ichi ndi chinthu wokangalika ndi kulankhulana ndi madzi amagwira interacts ndi kuti apange acetylene ndi alkalis.

mankhwala enaake a carbide. Chilinganizo: MgC _2. Mochititsa chidwi yodalirika pawiri mokwanira yogwira. Mmodzi wa iwo ikukhudza sintering ya magnesium fluoride ndi kashiamu carbide pa kutentha. Izi zimachititsa kuti katundu ziwiri: fluoride calcium, ndipo mufuna kuti ife carbide. Dongosolo la linachepa ndi wosavuta, ndipo mukhoza ngati inu mukufuna kuwerenga izo mu mabuku apadera a.

Ngati simuli wotsimikiza za phindu la nkhaniyo ali mu nkhaniyi, ndiye gawo la pafupi ndi inu.

Kodi zimenezi ntchito pa moyo?

Chabwino, choyamba, chidziwitso cha mankhwala sangakhoze konse kukhala zosafunika. Nthawizonse bwino nzeru nkhondo kukhala popanda izo. Chachiwiri, mukudziwa zambiri zokhudza kuli mankhwala ena, ndi bwino kumvetsa njira ya mapangidwe awo ndi malamulo kuwalola kulibe.

Musanapite ku mapeto, ine ndikanafuna kuti ndipereke palichitsanzo phunziro la nkhaniyi.

Kodi kuphunzira?

lophweka. Ndi mbali chabe zimapangidwira. Ndipo kuphunzira ndizoonekeratu kuti mabuku zimapangidwira. Yambani ndi mfundo sukulu ndi kupitiriza kwa patsogolo kwambiri, kuchokera m'mabukhu yunivesite ndi mabukhu.

Pomaliza

Mutu umenewu ndi losavuta ndi wotopetsa ngati zikuoneka pa koyamba. Mankhwala akhoza kutero chidwi, ngati mumakonda cholinga.