Bimetallism - ndi ... Bimetallism: kufotokoza, makhalidwe ndi chidwi mfundo

Bimetallism - muyezo ndalama ndi dongosolo ndalama zimene zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito munthawi yomweyo golide ndi siliva. Pali mitundu iwiri ya kachitidwe ndalama. The choyamba - chitsulo muyezo. Komanso amabwera mu mitundu iwiri. Iwo bimetallism ndi monometallism. The chachiwiri - pepala-ngongole muyezo. Modern dongosolo ndalama amaika kwa view lomaliza. Koma lero tikambirana bimetallism ngati mbiri muyezo woyamba ndalama zolakwa zake, chitukuko mbiri ndi makhalidwe m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

mbali

Kodi dongosolo la ndalama? Bimetallism, monometallism ndipo potsiriza pepala-ngongole muyezo - atatu magawo mbiri ya kusanduka ake. M'zaka za m'ma 19, boma lokhazikika mtengo wa ndalama zawo golide ndi siliva. Choncho, Kusinthanitsa kwa ndalama ya ndalama zawo mu nthawi wakhala lokhazikika. Bimetallism zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito munthawi yomweyo golide ndi siliva Ndalama. Pamene muyezo awiri palibe zoletsa pa chilengedwe cha ndalama ngati pali zipangizo kupanga awo. Ndalama kupezeka pamene mothandizidwa ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. The vuto lalikulu la ntchito dongosolo ndi kuti dziko lililonse kudziwa Kusinthanitsa kwa ndalama ya wachibale golide ndi siliva. Choncho, akhoza zimasiyana kwambiri ndi mayiko ena.

Mu 1865, pofuna kulenga limodzi dongosolo lonse bimetallic anali kucitika. Chifukwa chaichi, France, Belgium, Italy ndi Switzerland anagwirizana pa Latin Monetary Union. Adakhazikitsa parity pakati pa zitsulo ziwiri. Komabe, dongosolo chinatenga zaka zochepa, kuti wakhala kugwirizana ndi machenjerero ndalama za Italy ndi Greece, ndi French-German nkhondo ya 1870-1871.

Mu 1867-TH msonkhano mayiko ku Paris, limene ambiri a nthumwi za anakuvoterani muyeso wa golide, mwachitsanzo monometallism. Posachedwapa agwirizane dongosolo ndi ena onse, chifukwa kuchita kumvetsa zimene bimetallism nanga kuipa waukulu. Mawonekedwe khola ambiri a iwo anali dongosolo ndi ndalama yomweyi, koma izo sizinali ambiri. Monga momwe bimetallism zonse, ndiye posapita nthawi iye amakhala ntchito. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti atathana boma kusinthitsa ndalama susonyeza zinthu pa msika.

Features

Choncho, izi makhalidwe a muyezo:

• Nchito ya ndalama kuchita zitsulo ziwiri. Nthawi zambiri ndi golide ndi siliva.
• Ndalama anapangidwa zitsulo onse.
• Free parity pakati golide ndi siliva.
• Kufalitsidwa ndalama zitsulo onse akupezeka imodzi ndi mu kufanana.
• Mtengo wa katundu amayikidwa mu golide ndi siliva.

Kuonetsetsa mitundu ya bimetallism:

• Full. dzina lake chachiwiri - "awiri dongosolo ndalama". Full bimetallism anali ofalitsidwa m'mbuyomu. Zinali maonekedwe ake makamaka chifukwa cha tanthauzo wamba dongosolo lonse. zina zonse kukusalani limodzi mwa makhalidwe ake.
• Yomweyi.
• Tsankho. Limatchedwanso dongosolo "wopunduka" ndalama.

Common kuti mitundu yonse ya bimetallism n'chakuti, ndi kupezeka ngati ndalama golide, ndi ndalama zasiliva.

bimetallism zonse

Choncho bimetallism - dongosolo ndalama zomwe amakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• wachifundo mwalamulo ngati golide ndi siliva ndalama. Mtengo wa chofunika wina unakhazikitsidwa zitsulo onse.
• The Ndalama wa onse golide ndi siliva ndi ufulu kalikonse.
• State (dziko la Union) anakhazikitsa parity pakati pa zitsulo.

Mwaichi, ndi bimetallism analipo mu United States. Mu 1792, panali chiŵerengero yoikika golide ndi siliva - 1 15. Parity anasintha kangapo pamaso pa zaka za m'ma 19, pamene muyezo US linasinthidwa. Full bimetallism monga anali lililonse kwa France. Poyamba dziko unakhazikitsidwa parity wa golidi ndi siliva - 1 15,5. Komabe, anasintha kangapo, koma simungakhoze kukhala ndi kusinthasintha mu msika. Mu 1874, minting wa ndalama zasiliva anaimitsidwa pa dziko. ndalama wapawiri dongosolo ali otha yokha. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti munthu displaces zitsulo zina nthawi zonse pa parity lokhazikika. Ngati mtengo golide likutuluka, anthu bwino kulipira siliva. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti msika akuyamba kuchuluka kwa otsiriza, ndipo anawatcha ndi depreciation kwambiri. Mofananamo chimachitika ndi kuwonjezeka mu mtengo wa siliva. Only mu nkhani iyi, msika chikuchitika depreciating golide udzu.

sangathe ina ngati dongosolo amagwirizana ndi zotsatira za Chilamulo Gresham a. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mankhwala umakhala nepolnovesnyh ndalama. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti pa nthawi ya mavuto a zachuma boma ndi zovuta kuchepetsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali mu ndalama, pokhalabe mtengo kale mwadzina. Zotsatira za chinyengo chimenecho ndicho kuwonjezeka mitengo ndi kuwonjezeka mu mlingo ndalama.

kufanana bimetallism

Ndi dongosolo limene:

• Ndalama zitsulo onse ndi chaulele ndipo palibe malire.
• boma silipereka mlingo wa golide poyerekezera ndi siliva.
• Ndalama zitsulo onse ali kupezeka.

kufanana dongosolo ndalama anali zochepa wamba kuposa bimetallism wathunthu. Izo zinakhala m'mayiko ambiri European kumadzulo mu 15-17 zaka TH. Kenako, zonse za izo wakana Hannover. Apa, zinatha mpaka 1857.

kufanana dongosolo ndalama kumatha ena kuipa bimetallism mu mawonekedwe zonse. Chosowa parity zolimba pakati golide ndi siliva ndalama amalola onse momasuka zimafala ndi kugawana pa mlingo msika. Komabe, sangathe waukulu ndi muyezo izi pakufunika kukonza mitengo yonse zitsulo onse. Nthawi zina boma delimits kuchuluka kwa ntchito golide ndi siliva. Mwachitsanzo, woyamba ntchito wotuluka lonse, ndipo chachiwiri - mu msika zoweta.

System "wopunduka" ndalama

Izi muyezo ndalama yodziwika ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• State malamulo inakhazikitsa chiŵerengero pakati pa zitsulo ziwiri.
• Ndalama za golidi ndi siliva ndi onse kwambiri.
• Komabe ufulu Ndalama umakhala wina wa zitsulo.

Pa mfundo imeneyi, muyezo yamangidwa, amabweretsera Latin mgwirizano France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland ndiponso Greece. Komabe, ndi vuto siliva zisanu Franc ndalama. Pang'onopang'ono, dziko lonse monometallism. Koma masiku ano, golide salinso pogwira ntchito ndalama. Modern dongosolo ndalama ndi pepala-ngongole.

kusanthula zachuma

Mu 1990s oyambirira kuphunzira dongosolo ntchito odziwika zachuma Milton Friedman. Iye anazindikira kuti bimetallism - chifukwa cha mtengo osakhalitsa mu US mu 1873. Malinga Friedman, dongosolo uku kwabweletsa kwanthawi yaitali kuti chuma US. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti bimetallism - n'kulakwitsa yaikulu kuti anatsogolera mavuto aakulu kwambiri kwa US.

mu Argentina

Mu 1881 kusintha ndalama inayamba mu dziko. Popeza July 1883rd adalowa mphamvu bimetallic muyezo. The pempho anaonekera golide ndi siliva pesos. Paper ndalama ukugwira kwa iwo. Ndalama ku Argentina nawo mabanki asanu. Muyezo kwakhalapo mu dziko miyezi 17 zokha. Mu December 1884 mabanki anayamba kukana kusinthitsa banknotes golide pa mtengo lokhazikika.

mu France

Mu 1803 lamulo wadutsa mu dziko, chimene Franc akhoza umasinthanitsidwa magalamu 5 zasiliva. Payokha wokwera ndi mlingo wa golide. A kilogalamu wa zitsulo izi ndalama franc 3100.

Mu UK,

Bimetallism anali chimagwiritsidwa ntchito akale England. Odnako Ndalama zasiliva kale yoletsedwa m'zaka za m'ma 18, pamene muyeso wa golide unayamba mu dziko. Komabe, kwa zaka zambiri, kumbali ya bimetallism woyanjidwa akadzabwera, makamaka pa nthawi ya mavuto.

Mu United States of America

The Constitution US anaziika golide ndi siliva chikondi malamulo ndi mlingo akuyandama. Komabe, mu 1792, Mlembi wa Zachuma Alexander Hamilton akufuna kukonza chiŵerengero cha siliva ndi golidi monga 15 1. Kusintha lolingana zinapangidwa kuti malamulo. Mu 1834, siliva ochepa depreciated, ndipo anakakonza mlingo wa 16 1. kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chilamulo pa minting mu 1873 ku US pang'ono kusiya ntchito mfundo imeneyi, koma yokhala izo linathetsedwa mu m'ma 20. Malinga ndi zachuma wotchuka Milton Friedman, bimetallism anawononga ndithu kwa United States.