Andes: kutalika kwa ndondomeko Mtheradi ndi chimbuzi. Tsatanetsatane wa mapiri.

Andes, kutalika kwa amene ali n'kodabwitsa, angatchedwe cimodzi za zozizwa za padziko lathuli. mapiri amenewa mphepete mwa gombe la kumadzulo kwa America South, ndi kuwonjezera, ndi amphamvu zachilengedwe chotchinga pakati pa kumtunda ndi Pacific Ocean. ndi kutalika Mtheradi wa chimbuzi cha Andes chiyani? Ndipo kodi wapadera dongosolo mapiri?

nkhani

geographers ambiri amaona gawo la Andes Cordillera dongosolo phiri umene umachokera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumadzulo ya North ndi South America ndipo ali ndi utali wonse wa 18 000 makilomita. Choncho, ngakhale kutchedwa Kumwera Cordillera. Chinthu ndi mapiri ndi bwino magwero ofanana. Akukhulupirira kuti zinachokera pamene magawo awiri a America anayamba kusuntha kum'mawa.

asayansi ena otchedwa Cordillera mapiri okha kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Andes chapadera dongosolo wodziimira. mfundo zawo n'zochokera chakuti Cordilleras ndi mtunda osiyana ndi malo pamwamba pa nyanja. Choncho, chimbuzi cha Andes - ndi phiri la Aconcagua (mamita 6962). Cordillera monga zizindikiro ngati sangathe kudzitama: Mount McKinley ili Alaska, limatuluka mpaka mamita 6194. Ndipo ngati tikugwirizana ndi maganizo oyamba, pamene Aconcagua, osati McKinley ayenera kutengedwa ngati chimbuzi ya Cordillera.

Koma ngati ife kulankhula za Andes, kutalika awo ali Mulimonsemo sasintha ntchito zake. Pamwamba pa Aconcagua limatuluka pamwamba pa dziko lapansi onse Western. Kukwapula chakuti kutalika pafupifupi pa mapiri (Andes) ndi 4000 m, ngakhale kuwonjezera kutalika kwake 9000 Km, ndipo m'lifupi pazipita (!) - mpaka 750 Km. Ngakhale ku malo ndinawona misa zazikulu kwambiri za miyala ndi nsonga chofewa chili pamwamba. Mwazina, Andes ndipo ngakhale phiri lalitali a dongosolo lino Lapansi.

Mbiri ya yatsoka

Akukhulupirira kuti Andes anayamba kutuluka mu Paleozoic ndi Precambrian nyengo, ndi potsiriza anapanga m'nthawi Jurassic. Asayansi kuti poyamba anaonekera kwa malo nyanja ya dziko, kenako anapita pansi madzi kachiwiri, ndipo akubwerezedwa nthawi.

Chifukwa, pa maalumali chokhala a m'dambo m'madzi anasonkhanitsa zigawo makilomita angapo wandiweyani. Pakuti zikwizikwi zaka, iwo anaumitsa, osatembenukira ku mwala posungira. Komanso kukankhira kunja opanikizika kunja mu mawonekedwe a makutu yaikulu. Zonsezi anali limodzi ndi zivomezi ndi kuphulitsa mapiri. Malizitsani ndondomeko yonse ya n'kupanga mpumulo ambiri kuukitsidwa kwa dongosolo lonse.

wamng'ono phiri

Anda ankaona kuti Alpine lopinda (tectogenetic nyengo mu Cainozoic). Choncho, ngakhale zaka zake (iye akutchedwa zaka 60 miliyoni) amaonedwa mapiri wamng'ono. anzawo - Himalaya, ndi Pamirs, ndi Caucasus, ndi Alps. Choncho, mu Andes, n'kupita ambiri seismically oopsa, ndi zina mapiri - akuchita. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mapiri sizinathe anamaliza ndondomeko yawo ya mapangidwe ndi kukula chete. Avereji liwiro - 10 cm pa chaka.

Chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka kutumphuka padziko lapansi mu Andes amayambira zivomezi, mapiri ndi mitsinje chala. Mwatsoka, ngozi zoopsa chidzachitika Andes pa zisadzachitikenso zoopsazi - kamodzi pa zaka 10-15. Si kale (mu 2010), dziko padagwedezeka ndi chivomezi ku Chile, kumene anthu mamiliyoni ambiri akuvutika.

Kutalika kwa wachibale ndipo mtheradi: kodi pali kusiyana

Ponena za okwera a Andes, m'pofunika kuti anthu amvetse okwera chosiyana ndi wachibale. The choyamba - ndi mtunda kuchokera pa nyanja ku chimbuzi wa chinthu. wachiwiri kuchita masamu kuchokera m'tsinde mwa phiri pamwamba. Ndizosachita kunena kuti phindu wachibale nthawizonse zidzakhala zosakwana mtheradi.

ulamuliro yotereyi ikutsimikizidwanso ndi Andes. Aconcagua msinkhu kuchokera pa nyanja mamita 6962, ndipo kuchokera pansi - mamita 6138, kuti mamita 824 zosakwana mtheradi. Izi, poyamba ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa okwera, chifukwa mtunda zenizeni zimene iwo kugonjetsa yemweyo mawu wachibale. Koma bwino, malingana zoipazi mumlengalenga ndi kutentha otsika, kale Mzimuyo kutalika mtheradi. okwera odziwa sadzamva kunyalanyaza manambala amenewo.

Kutalika wachibale m'dera Amazon Andes

Ngati muyang'ana mtanda yachigawo ku America South, ndi zimachititsa chilumbachi a padziko ndi achirendo kwambiri. Apa pali opondapo matalikidwe pakati pa osachepera ndi mfundo zambiri.

Amazon otsika - yaikulu mu dziko, izo ali kudera la miliyoni 5 makilomita lalikulu .. okwera pa avareji mamita osakwana 200 pamwamba pa nyanja. Koma pali gawo, makamaka pafupi Atlantic gombe ndi pakati pa Africa, amene adzauka palibe mamita oposa 100. Ndipo osachepera mamita 10 pamwamba pa nyanja. Pamwamba limatuluka monga njira kumadzulo m'dzikoli. Zolemba malire Magwiridwe - mamita 150-250.

Nanga kutalika kwa dera Andes Amazon ndi ulemu? Ngati ife kuganizira okha kusiyana kwa kutalika zambiri, ndi kale chidwi dontho 200 meters 4000 - ndipo ndizo zonse za 5000 makilomita lonse.

Popeza kufala pazipita okwera analandira, pamwamba adzauka mamita 10 pafupifupi 7 km. Izi sakanakhoza koma bwanji nyengo ndi zone mumlengalenga kuthamanga, koma zambiri kuti pansipa.

Andes: okwera ndi ndondomeko ya chimbuzi

Aconcagua lili Argentina. The etymology dzina si yeniyeni kudziwika, mwina limachokera ku mawu a "The kaguak Chilamulo" chilankhulo cha Quechua amatanthauza "mwala sentinel".

Kuyenda panyanja zidzatithandiza kupeza kuti phazi la Aconcagua, kenako kugonjetsa nsonga za Andes dongosolo phiri. Kutalika Mtheradi wa chimbuzi ndi ndondomeko anasankha kuti mita ndi mphindi: vertex lagona pa mamita 6962 pamwamba pa nyanja ndi pa 32 ° 39 A. yakumadzulo. 70 ° 00 'W. d.

Nsonga yaikulu

Andes akhoza kudzitama 13 shestitysyachnikov. Nawu mndandanda wa iwo:

1. Akonkagua (6962 m).
2. Ojos del Salado (6893 m). Ndi phiri lalitali kwambiri dziko. Malowa ali pamtunda ili m'malire a Argentina ndi Chile.
3. Pisis (6795 m). Ankakhala mu gawo ambiri kwabasi a Andes. Pafupi muli nyanja zokongola ndi oundana.
4. Bonete (6759 m). Lili National Park Laguna Brava.
5. Tres Kruzes (6749 m). Iyi ndi phiri lomwe lili nsonga zitatu. Nearby ndi Park National a dzina lomweli.
6. Huascaran (6746 m). Phiri lalitali kwambiri ku Peru.
7. Lulayllako (6739 m). Izi ndi yayikulu kwambiri mdziko, kumene mtembo wa chitukuko yakale adapeza. Akatswiriwa anapeza pali atatu Inca Mitembo yokhala.
8. Mercedario (6700 m). glacier Izi ndi waukulu, amene kutenga kwambiri ya chiyambi cha mitsinje phiri.
9. Walter Penk (6658 m). kuphulika Izi chikutchedwa kafukufuku wake ku Germany amene ntchito pano m'zaka 19 mochedwa.
10. Incahuasi (6638 m). phiri ili malo kulambira Ainka.
11. Ierupayya (6617 m). Kumasulira dzina zikumveka ngati "White Dawn" mwina chifukwa chisanu wosatha kuphimba pamwamba.
12. Tupungato (6570 m). Ili m'malire a Chile ndi Argentina, mu makilomita 80 kuchokera Aconcagua.
13. Sayyama (6542 m). Izi chimbuzi cha Bolivia.

zigawo

Popeza anafotokoza dongosolo mapiri kwambiri anatambasula m'litali, pali mabacteria zitatu malo: Northern, kum'mwera ndi chapakati Andes.

Woyamba tichipeza magulu atatu: Caribbean (ili ku Venezuela), chakumadzulo (Colombia - Venezuela) ndi Ecuadorian (wochedwanso equator) Andes. N'zochititsa chidwi, mapiri amenewa potsitsa m'nyanja - monga zilumba za Bonaire, Aruba ndi Curacao Ndipotu nsonga kuti sizinathe wauka kozama. gawo ili la unyolo Andes ali a mapiri apamwamba mu dziko, ena a iwo ali yogwira.

Ngati ife kulankhula za landscaped m'dera lapakati ndi apo, koma leni waukulu gawo, n'zotheka kuonetsetsa kwambiri ndi Peru Andes. Apa pali likulu apamwamba a dziko - mzinda wa La Paz (Bolivia), anamanga pamalo okwera 3700 m.

Kachigawo Andes mu gawo ili kufika ntchito pazipita 750 Km. A lalikulu la Pune ali m'dera, kutalika pafupifupi amene zimasiyanasiyana makilomita 3,7 4. Ndiponso, mu chapakati Andes ndi pachimake chachiwiri pambuyo Aconcagua - Ojos del Salado. Angapo kuno ndi shestitysyachnikov. Iwo onse ali limodzi chidwi Mbali - mkulu kwambiri chisanu mzere (kuyambira 6500 m). Pakuti gawo ili la khalidwe ya m'mapiri nyanja, wotchuka kwambiri a iwo - Titicaca, kupumula pa okwera 3821 m.

Ngakhale kuti izi ndi pamene pali pamwamba otchuka lonse Kumwera Mountains dera kwambiri pansipa pakati. Msinkhu mamita wa Andes pano ndi bwino kuchepa mphamvu. Choncho, chisanu kugwa ndi mzere (a woyera chivundikiro bodza ndiponso mapiri kuyambira 1500 m). Kusambira mu nyanja, iwo kutenga maonekedwe osiyana: lidzasinthidwa archipelagos ndi zilumba. Osakhala kutalika Andes Tierra lapansi, chomwenso ndi anaphimba ranges ali kwambiri m'munsi (mpaka 2500 m).

nyengo

Mbali kumpoto kwa mapiri ndi subequatorial ndi yamphamvu zone nyengo. Pakuti loyamba yodziwika ndi kusinthana kwa nyengo yonyowa ndi youma. Otsetsereka a kum'mawa molemera moisturized, pamene West zambiri youma nyengo. Mu Caribbean, Andes, pafupifupi mpweya otentha. Pachaka mpweya ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Ndipo tsopano Andes Ecuadorian ndi wolimba ndi ulemu kutentha: kumeneko arrow thermometer kwenikweni akupitiriza wozungulira chaka. panyumbayo kusangalala Quito, likulu la Ecuador. Dera limeneli ndi bwino hydrated.

Mu ku Central Andes, nyengo ndi wovuta kwambiri chifukwa dontho lalikulu zizindikiro chinyezi pa otsetsereka kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa kwa mapiri. Nawu Atacama - m'chipululu driest mu dziko, pamene mvula pachaka osati oposa 50 mm ya mvula.

Kumwera Andes kugona mu zone subtropical, amene bwino akudutsa mu zone kotentha nyengo. Chifukwa mphepo yamphamvu mpweya pano ukufika 6000 mm. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa kum'mwera mvula pafupifupi 200 masiku chaka.

Kukwera kwa Aconcagua

Aconcagua waima wachiwiri mndandanda wa Zisanu ndi mapiri. Kamakupatsani yekha Everest. Mgonjetsi loyamba nsonga za Andes imatengedwa Zhurbiggen Matthias amene anachita kuwuka mu 1897.

Poyerekeza ndi nsonga zina, kukwera Aconcagua akuti ndi mwaukadaulo zovuta kumpoto. Mosiyana ndi kugonjetsa Everest, pa akasinja mpweya si koyenera kuti agonjetse Andes - okwera ndi zosakwana 2000m.

malekodi

Ngakhale kuti akhoza mikuntho mwadzidzidzi, chaka chilichonse pafupifupi 5,000 daredevils kuyesera kuti afike pamwamba ndi kukhala pa chimbuzi cha lonse Western lapansi. Anakhazikitsa mbiri.

Mwachitsanzo, Nyamulani yachangu (5 maola Mphindi 45) zinachitikadi mu 1991. Zikuoneka zisakuyenda chidwi mu Andean kuchuluka kachiwiri kuyambira timva angapo unakhazikitsidwa ndipo pafupifupi mmodzi. Choncho, mu 2013, 9 wazaka American wophunzira Tyler Armstrong anakhala nthumwi wamng'ono wa kugonana wamphamvu, kugonjetsa pamwamba pa Aconcagua. A 12 wazaka Romania Geta Popescu anapereka yankho woyenera mu February 2016.

Pa nthawi yomweyo wachi Spaniard Fernanda Maciel chinachitika mu mndandanda wa zonse (pamwamba - mbadwa - pamwamba) yachangu kukwera, izo kwa maola 14 ndi mphindi 20. A nayonso a kuwuka wamwamuna analembedwa chaka chapitacho. Zolemba malire kutalika mapiri (Andes) anagonjera Karl Egloff climber amene ankafunsira nzeru kwa maola 11 Mphindi 52.

Komanso zodabwitsa ndi mfundo ina: pa mtunda wa mamita 4400 pamwamba pa nyanja ndi yayikulu luso zomera mu dziko. Malowa ali pamtunda kumsasa m'munsi Plaza de A Mulas. Pali ntchito anasonyeza a chi Argentine wojambula Miguel Doura. Zikuoneka okwera yopuma kungakupatseni.

chitukuko Wakale Andes

Akukhulupirira kuti anthu katswiri m'mapiri ngakhale 4000 zapitazo, osachepera monga kunayamba zofukulidwa woyamba ofukula zinthu zakale. Inde, masamu ambiri zinadzala ndi Andes! kutalika awo, zikuoneka, si mantha Ainka, amene anamanga chitukuko kuno.

Makamaka kuti anadabwa kuti ofufuza ndi zovuta zakale zokumbidwa pansi Sacsayhuaman (3700 m), zomwe ndi linga la miyala yosema yaikulu yolemera matani 200. A pang'ono m'munsi (3,500 m) ndi wakale munda Morai zasayansi kumene Inca ayenera imachitika zatsopano ndi zomera.

Andes moona angatchedwe chamtengo dziko, chifukwa iwo zasungidwa monga chuma cha malo, mpweya, ndi zinsinsi za mbiri yakale anthu.