Amphibian - ndi chiyani ichi? Nkhani zimene zimapezeka ndi maonekedwe a nyama

Achule - ndi ana mwachindunji Crossopterygii. Iwo anaonekera zaka miliyoni 380 zapitazo, ndipo kenako anabereka kalasi zapoizoni. Kodi achule? Kodi osiyana ndi nyama zina ndi moyo wa mtundu wanji Kodi adzapita?

Amphibian - ndichiyani?

Malinga ndi Baibulo yaitali, nsomba crossopterygian anali anthu oyamba mayiwe kuti anali kupita kunja pa dziko. Asanadziwe danga atsopano ndiponso kusintha kwa zinthu zosiyana, kenako anayamba kusintha kuti pakhale anthu atsopano - achule.

"Amphibian" - mawu achigiriki amene anawamasulira kuti "mitundu iwiri ya moyo." Mu zamoyo, amanena kuti nyama pa mtunda ndi madzi. Mu terminology Russian kwambiri, chifukwa achule - ndi amphibious.

Poyamba, lingaliro la zimasonyezanso zisindikizo ndi otters, koma pambuyo pake amaphatikizapo kokha inakhala zinayi miyendo kuti simuli amniotes lapansi. Modern achule kalasi chimakwirira yekha salamanders, caecilians, newts ndipo achule. Palimodzi pali mitundu 5 6.7 zikwi.

Kufotokoza mwa chidule za kalasi

Achule - ndi inakhala kuti ufumu nyama wapakatikati pakati pa nsomba ndi zokwawa. Anthu ambiri a nthawi ina ya moyo mu madzi ndi pa dziko. Kubereka ndi chitukuko koyamba ambiri chikuchitika mu madzi, ndi kukula, iwo ali lapadziko moyo. Ena mitundu moyo yekha mu madzi.

achule ambiri sadzalekerera kuzizira, amakonda kutentha, chinyezi malo, koma amakhala m'dera louma. M'mikhalidwe chowawa, mwina lotha kapena kusintha nthawi ya polojekiti, mwachitsanzo, usiku tsiku. Komabe, ena mitundu akhazikika kumpoto Mwachitsanzo, Siberia salamander.

Achule kuthetsa pafupi Madamu madzi oyera, ndipo nthawizina anagona mphutsi yawo, ngakhale puddles kwambiri. Mitundu yochepa zimapezeka m'nyanjamo. Development nthawi anatsatira mwa magawo anayi: dzira (caviar), larva, metamorphosis ndi wamkulu. Mu salamanders kulibe ndi moyo kubadwa.

mamembala onse a kalasi kagayidwe ofooka, kotero iwo sangakwanitse kuphunzira chakudya zamasamba. Achule ndi zilombo zolusa komanso kudya tizilombo, invertebrates kakang'ono, ndipo nthawizina abale awo. mbalame Large kudya wamng'ono nsomba, anapiye ndi makoswe. Only chakudya mphutsi zomera tailless kumuwombera.

Kodi iwo amaoneka?

Kapangidwe kunja achule ndi osiyana kwambiri. Gulu caudate, womwenso newts ndi salamanders, mu maonekedwe akufanana abuluzi. Iwo amakula 20 masentimita. thupi lawo ndi elongated ndiponso umatha ndi mchira wautali. Khosi, mmbuyo ndi miyendo kutsogolo ndi waufupi.

Achule ndi tailless achule. Ali ndi yotakata pang'ono flattened thupi ndi waufupi khosi. Mchira ndi zizipezeka pa siteji tadpoles. ziwalo zawo elongated ndipo anawerama, ali anaweramuka pa nthawi ya kudumpha ndi kusambira (njira yaikulu ya kusamutsidwa). Zala achule ndi salamanders ogwirizana ndi ukonde wa khungu.

Caecilians - ichi wagawo amphibious "legless". Kunja, amaoneka ngati mphutsi kapena njoka. Miyeso osiyanasiyana masentimita khumi mita. Caecilians alibe miyendo, ndi mchira ali adzafupikitsidwa. thupi lawo ali ndi mamba ndi laimu akuda mu zakuda kapena zofiirira kamvekedwe, nthawi zina ndi mawanga kapena mikwingwirima.

mbali structural

Khungu la inakhala, multilayer, koma wochepa thupi zokwanira. Lili zopangitsa kuti secrete ntchofu okuta thupi lonse. Kudzera mwina anagwira mpweya. Padziko, kupuma achule zikhale zosavuta, ndi mitundu moyo makamaka mu madzi, ndi makutu.

makamera atatu chambered mtima wa achule, awiri kokha mu salamanders. Awiri kufalitsidwa: ang'ono ndi lalikulu. Thupi kutentha si nthawi zonse ndipo zimadalira pa malo akunja.

Brain amphibian ndi wamkulu kuposa nsomba ndi ranges ku 0,30% (v tailed) kuti 0,73% (tailless) thupi. masomphenya awo angathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu. Maso mandala chivundikirocho m'munsi ndi zikope chapamwamba leathery. Iwo kusiyanitsa kukoma zoipa ndi zingadziŵike okha mchere ndi kowawa.

Khungu ndi thupi waukulu zizindikiro kuchuluka kukhudza ndi mitsempha mathero. Mu tadpoles ndi mitundu m'madzi nsomba anasunga mzere lateral, amene ali ndi udindo lathu mu mlengalenga.

zingapo ntchofu tailless pa khungu lili poizoni. Nthawi zambiri, si zoipa kwa anthu ndi ntchito disinfection wa pamalo. Komabe, njoka Mitundu ina mkuntho zikhoza kukhala zoopsa. Choncho, yaing'ono chikasu chule (onani chithunzi pamwambapa), ndi listoglaz zoopsa ndi chimodzi mwa zolengedwa kwambiri chiri mu dziko.