Apeiron ndi ... Tanthawuzo ndi kutanthawuzira kwa mawu akuti "mphero"

Anthu omwe amaphunzira filosofia ayenera kuti anamva chinthu chotere monga "filoso". Tanthauzo la mawu kuchokera ku sayansi yafilosofi silimveka ndi aliyense. Ndi chiyani? Kodi chiyambi cha mawuwo, chikutanthauzanji?

Tanthauzo

Apeiron mu filosofi ndi lingaliro lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi Anaximander. Amatanthawuza chinthu chopanda malire, chosatha, chopanda malire. Malingana ndi wafilosofi wakale wachigriki, chipepala ndi maziko a dziko omwe nthawi zonse amasuntha. Zilibe kanthu kuti alibe makhalidwe alionse. Anakhulupilira kuti zonse zimawonekera posiyanitsa nkhaniyi motsutsa.

Kodi malo oyambirira ndi otani?

Nkhani yaikulu pamaganizo ambiri ndi maziko a zonse zomwe zilipo padziko lapansi. Kawirikawiri amadziwika ndi gawolo. Ngakhale m'nthaŵi zakale, filosofi ankaganiza kuti pamtima mwa zonse zomwe ziripo ndi chinthu chimodzi chofunikira. Nthawi zambiri izi zinali zachilengedwe: moto, mpweya, madzi ndi dziko lapansi. Ena amaganiza kuti zakumwamba ndizofunikira kwambiri.

Malingaliro amenewo anali mu ziphunzitso zonse za filosofi. Ochenjerawo nthawi zonse ankakhulupirira kuti mumtima mwa chirichonse muli ndi zinthu kapena zinthu zina.

Mafilosofi

Malingana ndi lamulo lomwe latengedwa m'mbiri ya filosofi, za Anaximander amalankhula pambuyo pa Thales. Ndipo pokhapokha tikulankhula za Anaximenes. Koma ngati tanthauzo la malingaliro, ndiye kuti chachiŵiri ndi chachitatu chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa pa siteji imodzi, popeza mu lingaliro lophiphiritsira, mpweya uli ndi madzi awiri okha. Lingaliro la Anaximander liyenera kukwezedwa kumtunda wosiyana - kuoneka kosaoneka kwenikweni kwa nkhani yoyamba. Wophunzira nzeruyi amakhulupirira kuti chiyambi ndi chiyambi cha mfundo zonse komanso mfundo zonse. Anamasulira mawu awa kukhala "opanda malire".

Anaximander

Tisanayambe kuganizira lingaliro lofunika kwambiri ndi lodalirika la filosofi ya Greece mofotokozera mwatsatanetsatane, tifunika kunena mawu ochepa ponena za wolemba wake. Ndi moyo wake, kuphatikizapo moyo wa Thales, tsiku limodzi lokha lachindunji likugwirizanitsidwa - chaka chachiwiri cha Masewera a Olympic 58. Malingana ndi magwero ena, amakhulupirira kuti ndiye Anaximander anali ndi zaka 64, ndipo anafa posachedwa. Tsiku limeneli limatchulidwa chifukwa, malinga ndi mbiri yakale, inali chaka chomwe chiphunzitso chafilosofi chokhazikitsidwa ndi Anaximander chinawonekera. Ngakhale kuti zofunazo zinaperekedwa kwa mawonekedwe a mwambo, anthu akale amachitira umboni kuti analemba mobwerezabwereza komanso mobwerezabwereza, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pulogalamuyi ikhale yovuta kwambiri. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Kuti mtundu wa ntchito, womwe unali wa sayansi ndi filosofi, wokwanira mosamalitsa ndi wozama, unabadwa mu zovuta zofufuza.

Lemekezani anthu

Chithunzi cha filosofi chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa akale akale. Iye, komanso Thales, akutchulidwa kuti ali ndi zinthu zambiri zofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mpaka lero kalatayi yatulutsidwa, komwe kunanenedwa kuti Anaximander anapita ku ulendo wa chikoloni. Kutulutsidwa kumeneku kudzikoli kunali chinthu chofala kwa nthawi imeneyo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kunali kofunika kusankha anthu, kuwathandiza. Chirichonse chinayenera kuchitidwa mwamsanga ndi mwanzeru. N'kutheka kuti katswiri wafilosofi ankawoneka kuti ndi munthu wangwiro amene ali woyenera cholinga chimenechi.

Zomangamanga ndi zochitika za m'deralo

Anaximander akuyamikiridwa ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha sayansi ndi zopanga zowonjezera. Zimakhulupirira kuti anamanga chilengedwe chonse, chomwe chimatchedwa "gnomon." Ndi chithandizo chawo, Agiriki anawerengera equinox ndi solstice, komanso nthawi ya usana ndi nyengo.

Komanso katswiri wafilosofi, malinga ndi olemba mabuku, amadziŵika chifukwa cha ntchito zake. Amakhulupirira kuti anali mmodzi mwa oyambirira kuyesa kulongosola dziko lapansi ndi mbale yamkuwa. Momwe iye anachitira izo sadziwika, koma chowonadi ndi chofunikira, kuti apo panawoneka lingaliro loti liwonetse mu chiwerengero chomwe sichikhoza kuwonedwa mwachindunji. Icho chinali chiwembu ndi fano yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri kulandira dziko ndi lingaliro la filosofi.

Chidziwitso cha zakuthambo

Anaximander nayenso ankasangalala ndi sayansi ya nyenyezi. Iye adapempha mtundu wa dziko lapansi ndi mapulaneti ena. Kwa maonekedwe a zakuthambo, ndi khalidwe lomwe amachitcha ziwerengero zowerengeka zomwe zimatanthawuza ku zowala, kukula kwa dziko lapansi, mapulaneti ena ndi nyenyezi. Pali umboni wakuti filosofi adati: Dzuŵa ndi Dziko lapansi ndizofanana. M'masiku amenewo panalibe njira yowatsimikizira ndi kutsimikizira izo. Masiku ano zikuonekeratu kuti ziwerengero zonse zomwe adazitchula zinali zosiyana ndi choonadi, koma, komabe, kuyesedwa kunapangidwa.

Mu gawo la masamu, akuyamika pokonza ndemanga pa geometry. Iye adafotokozera chidziwitso chonse cha akale mu sayansiyi. Mwa njira, chirichonse chimene iye ankachidziwa mu dera lino, sichinafikire masiku athu.

Mafilosofi

Ngati m'zaka mazana angapo zapitazo ulemerero wa Anaximander monga filosofi anali debunked, njira yomwe adatenga njira yosinthira lingaliro la mfundo yoyamba, yasungira kufikira nthawi yomweyi udindo wa chitsimikizo chachikulu ndi chodabwitsa kwambiri.

Zosavuta zikuwonetsa kuti Anaximander ankakhulupirira kuti chiyambi ndi gawo la zinthu zonse kukhala nkhani yopanda malire - chidziwitso. Iye ndiye woyamba kulengeza dzina ili. Anaganizira kuti chiyambi sichinali madzi kapena chinthu china, koma mtundu wina wa chikhalidwe chosatha, chomwe chimapanga matupi akumwamba ndi zakuthambo zomwe ziri mwa iwo.

Panthawiyo, zinkawoneka zachilendo kunena kuti choyambirira sichinatanthauzidwe molondola. Ofilosofi ena adatsutsa kuti anali kulakwitsa, chifukwa sananene zomwe zopanda malire ndizo: mpweya, madzi kapena dziko lapansi. Ndipotu panthawiyo nthawiyi inavomerezedwa kusankha mtundu wina wa maonekedwe oyambirira. Kotero, Thales anasankha madzi, ndi Anaximenes - mpweya. Anaximander anagwirizanitsa pakati pa akatswiri awiriwa, omwe amapatsa chiyambi khalidwe linalake. Ndipo adatsutsa kuti choyambacho alibe makhalidwe. Palibe chinthu china chomwe angawonekere: palibe nthaka, palibe madzi, palibe mpweya. Kutanthauzira tanthawuzo ndi kutanthauzira kwa mawu oti "filoso" ndiye nkhani yovuta. Aristotle sakanakhoza kumasulira kwenikweni chomwe iye ali. Anadabwa kuti zopanda malire ndizosaoneka.

Lingaliro la Anaximander za choyambirira

Kodi Apeiron ndi Chiyani? Tanthauzo la lingaliro, limene Anaximander poyamba anayamba kulankhula, likhoza kufotokozedwa mwanjira iyi: chiyambi ndi zinthu, koma nthawi yomweyo sichidziwika. Lingaliro limeneli linali chifukwa cha kukula kwa malingaliro a m'maganizo a choyambirira: ngati pali zinthu zosiyana, ndipo ngati wina aliyense wa iwo akuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane pachiyambi, ndiye kuti zinthu zimakhala zofanana. Koma, pambali inayo, nthawizonse pamakhala zosakondera kwa wina wa iwo. Bwanji, mwachitsanzo, samasankha mpweya, koma madzi? Kapena bwanji osati moto? Mwinamwake ndikoyenera kusunga udindo wa nkhani zoyamba osati za chinthu china chirichonse, koma zonse mwakamodzi. Tikayerekeza mitundu yonseyi, yomwe iliyonse ili ndi maziko olimba kwambiri, zimakhala kuti palibe imodzi yokha yomwe imakhutitsa ena.

Kodi izi sizitengera zonsezi kumatsimikizira kuti n'kosatheka kusankha chinthu chilichonse choyambirira pa ntchitoyi, komanso onse pamodzi? Ngakhale kuti "filosofi" yapamwamba kwambiri mu filosofi, asayansi ambiri adzabwerera ku lingaliro la chomwe chipepala chimatanthawuza kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Yandikirani choonadi

Anaximander anatenga ndondomeko yolimba kwambiri kuti amvetsetse zinthu zosayenera. Apeiron - izi ndi zakuthupi ndipo, ngati mukuyang'ana tanthauzo lake la filosofi.

Ndicho chifukwa chake kusatsimikizika mu khalidwe la chikhalidwe choyamba chakhala chiyambi chachikulu cha lingaliro lafilosofi poyerekeza ndi kuyang'ana pa ntchito yoyamba mfundo imodzi yokha. Apeiron si lingaliro la nkhani. Koma uwu ndi malo oyandikira kwambiri a filosofi pamaso pake. Ndicho chifukwa chake Aristotle wamkulu, poyesa zoyesayesa za Anaximander, anayesa kuwabweretsa pafupi ndi nthawi yake, kunena kuti mwina, adayankhula za nkhani.

Zotsatira

Kotero, tsopano zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa apejron. Tanthauzo lake ndilo: "zopanda malire", "zopanda malire". Chidziwitso chomwecho chiri pafupi ndi dzina "malire" ndi tinthu tanthauzo la kusalidwa. Pankhaniyi, ndiko kukana malire kapena malire.

Kotero, mawu achigriki awa amapangidwa mofanana ndi lingaliro latsopano la chiyambi: kupyolera mu kulephera kwa chikhalidwe ndi malire ena. Anaximander, mwachiwonekere, sanazindikire kuti iye adayamba bwanji, koma adatha kusonyeza kuti choyamba sichinali chenicheni cha mtunduwo. Awa ndi malingaliro enieni okhudza nkhaniyo. Pachifukwa ichi, siteji iliyonse yotsatira ya kulingalira, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri, imapangidwa kuchokera ku lingaliro lafilosofi ndi lingaliro lofilosofi palokha. Gawo loyambirira ndilokutaya zinthu. Mawu akuti "filoso" amatanthauzira molondola chiyambi cha lingaliro lafilosofi la zopanda malire. Ndipo ziribe kanthu ngati izo zinalengedwa ndi filosofi mwiniwake kapena anabwereka ku dikishonale yakale ya Chigriki.

Lingaliro limeneli limaphatikizapo kuyesa kuyankha funso limodzi. Ndipotu mfundo yaikulu inali kufotokoza momwe chirichonse chimayambira ndi kufa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti payenera kukhala chinachake chimene chirichonse chimawoneka, ndipo ndiye chiwonongeko. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chifukwa choyambirira cha kubadwa ndi imfa, moyo ndi kusakhalako, mawonedwe ndi chiwonongeko ziyenera kukhala zamuyaya ndi zosatheka, komanso zopanda malire ndi nthawi.

Mafilosofi akale amasiyanitsa momveka bwino maiko awiri osiyana. Chomwe chiripo tsopano, kamodzi chinawonekera ndipo kamodzi chikusowa - mwadongosolo. Awa ndi munthu aliyense ndi chinthu chilichonse. Izi ndizo zonse zomwe anthu amaziwona. Zosintha ndizochuluka. Choncho, pali zambiri, zomwe zimakhalanso zochepa. Malinga ndi lingaliro la kulingalira uku, choyamba sichingakhoze kukhala chomwe chimakhala champhindi, pakuti pakadali pano sizingakhale chiyambi cha nthawi ina yapitali.

Kusiyana kwa anthu, matupi, amati, mdziko, choyambirira sichitha, monga zinthu zina. Kotero, lingaliro la kupanda malire, lomwe liri ndi lingaliro la kusakhala kwa malire mu malo ndi kuchokera ku lingaliro la wosatha, losabvunda, linabadwa ndipo linakhala chimodzi mwa zofunika kwambiri pa filosofi ya dziko.

Pakati pa akatswiri a mbiriyakale pali lingaliro loti "chikhulupiliro" chinayambika mu sayansi yafilosofi osati ya Anaximander, koma ndi Aristotle kapena Plato, amene adalongosola chiphunzitso ichi. Palibe umboni wotsimikizira izi, koma ichi si chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti lingaliro lafika panthawi zathu.