Agriculture la Kazakhstan: mavuto makampani chitukuko. Agriculture ku South Kazakhstan

Agriculture la Kazakhstan - ndi imodzi mwa ambiri anayamba Boma la chuma cha boma. Mu lirilonse la zigawo munthu wa zinthu zabwino kwa kulima mbewu zosiyanasiyana. chidwi zapatsidwa kwa ziweto.

Geography ndi nyengo

Dera la Kazakhstan ndi pa nthawi yomweyo ndi ku Central Asia, ndi Eastern Europe, m'malire Caspian ndi nyanja Aral. nyengo Ngelezi Mzimuyo ozizira pang'ono chisanu nyengo ndi yotentha youma m'chilimwe.

Pafupifupi theka la dziko - izi ndi m'chipululu kapena theka-chipululu. Pa dera la kumadzulo kwa zitunda parishi. Pankhani ka madzi, linanena kuchepekedwa zawo chifukwa malo m'mayiko ambiri. Magwero a madzi opatsa moyo asanu ndi awiri akuluakulu mtsinje mitsempha, komanso 13 Madamu lalikulu. Ponena za zomera, tisaiwale kuti zomera lalikulu steppe monga nthenga udzu, sagebrush ndi zitsamba kuti ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi chilala. Green ya m'mapiri meadows zimapezeka okwera. Monga nkhalango, iwo amakhala 5.4% gawolo ndi anaikira makamaka kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa dziko.

Mwina chofunika ulimi ambiri nthaka. A chiwerengero chachikulu cha mathithi pa nthaka wakuda, mgoza ndi dothi bulauni. Komanso, pali dothi imvi ndi dothi bulauni.

Kodi makampani

Chitukuko cha ulimi mu Kazakhstan tiziiona kuyambira 50s lapansi. Polingalira za mavuto azachuma, boma la Soviet anaganiza kukuza acreage. Ndiye, mu Kazakhstan ndi chiwerengero cha mayiko ena mwachangu katswiri m'mayiko namwali. Tikumbukenso kuti kunali koyenera kukhala malo amene yodziwika ndi pamlingo wochepa wa madzi ndi sachedwa kukokoloka.

Dziwani kuti chitukuko cha m'mayiko namwali kwachititsa mbiri yokolola. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zotsatira zoipa wakhala kuchepa lakuthwa m'madera msipu. Pofuna kupewa mavuto a ziweto m'mafamu apadera anali kulamulidwa kuonjezera chiwerengero cha ziweto. Soviet nyengo ya chitukuko cha ulimi anali zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha kusintha kwa makina ndi thalakitala malo.

Mu zaka 60-80 panali chitukuko kwambiri tima ya ulimi. katundu Cooperative wakhala kwathunthu lidzasinthidwa boma kuti analola ufulu wambiri kwa kayendedwe ka ndalama. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti alimi ambiri anasankha kuchoka m'mudzimo. Boma waganiza kukopa akatswiri ochokera ku mayiko ena, komanso nkhani ya pangozi nkhondo.

Pa nthawi, pafupifupi maiko onse ulimi ali m'manja payekha. Ndipo, monga malemu 70s, vuto la kupereka anthu ndi nyama ndi mkaka ndi pachimake ndithu, zikusonyeza kufunika kwa kusintha.

Zochita za makampani

Agriculture la Kazakhstan amakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• ndi magawidwe Amowabu (yopingasa ndi ofukula) nthaka chimakwirira;
• oposa theka la dziko lonse oyenera processing, nkhani mabacteria louma ndi semiarid;
• 85% ya zaulimi zoyenera msipu (pafupifupi mamiliyoni 189 mahekitala);
• Kazakhstan ndi pakati pa Waogula Zinthu Kunja khumi waukulu wa tirigu ndi ufa;
• gawo lalikulu kwambiri mbewu imagwera pa dzinthu, masamba ndi zipatso, oilseeds ndi thonje;
• Kazakhstan kale anayamba makampani ziweto, komanso kupanga zikopa ndi ubweya.

Malo a ulimi pa chuma cha Kazakhstan

Agriculture a Kazakhstan ndi imodzi mwa nthambi zikuluzikulu za chuma cha dziko. Dziwani kuti umabweretsa 38% ya ndalama okwana dziko chaka. Pankhaniyi, gawo ili ntchito pafupifupi 16% ya ogwira ntchito za boma. Ichi ndi chifukwa mkulu mlingo wa mechanization ndi zochita zokha. Dziwani kuti dziko lili ndi minda oposa 31 zikwi za 32 000 alimi.

Dziwani kuti ulimi Kazakhstan lili pa nambala wachiwiri dziko kwa kupanga mbewu ndi index makilogalamu 967 pa munthu (udindo kutsogolera a Canada, kumene chithunzi ndi 1 168 kg). Pankhaniyi, ndi kokha pambuyo Soviet mayiko, amene zikugwira katundu wa tirigu. Komabe, zokolola ndipo zokolola za makampani monga nyama husbandry, otsika kwambiri Kazakhstan (zodabwitsa). Malinga ndi chizindikiro ichi, boma anatenga 142 m'dziko.

Nthambi za ulimi wa Kazakhstan

The gawo ulimi - ndi limagwirira wamphamvu amene amapereka osati chuma mkati mwa boma, komanso malo ake pa msika lonse. Agriculture wa Republic of Kazakhstan ali kale umaimiridwa ndi kumabungwe ziwiri:

• Livestock - akufotokozera m'madera monga ng'ombe kuswana (ng'ombe ndi kupanga mkaka), nkhosa, akavalo, ngamila, nkhumba ndi mbuzi. A gawo kwambiri munda nkhuku. A osiyana, ngakhale ang'ono kagawo kakang'ono ndi kuswana ndi nsomba mafakitale.
• Mbewu kupanga - Kodi maziko a Agriculture cha Kazakhstan. The gawo lalikulu kwambiri ndi kasupe tirigu, amene chogulitsidwa osati zoweta komanso misika ya kunja. Komanso Dziwani ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu monga mpunga, buckwheat, balere, Mapila, mapira ndi chimanga. Chochititsa chidwi acreage zosungikira Beet shuga ndi mbewu oilseed (mpendadzuwa, rapeseed). Pakuti malonda nsalu kukula thonje nsalu. Komanso Dziwani mbewu monga mbatata, maapulo, mavwende ndi mphesa.

Agriculture ku South Kazakhstan

Dziwani zosiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe ndi nyengo mu dziko. Motero, ulimi Kumwera Kazakhstan ukugwira ntchito pa kutentha mu m'tsinde lapansi. Ndi ulimi wabwino n'zotheka kukwaniritsa mpweya wambiri wa thonje zosonkhanitsira, mpunga, Beet shuga ndi fodya. Komanso Dziwani kuti ndi malo yabwino kwambiri pa chitukuko cha horticulture ndi viticulture.

Makamaka ulimi kumadzulo Kazakhstan

Agriculture Western Kazakhstan ukufanizidwa makamaka ndi ziweto chifukwa m'madera ambiri msipu meadows. Iwo chimakhala chogwidwa ndi kuswana wa nkhosa, akavalo, ndi ngamila. Ngati ife kulankhula za mbewu, anthu oposa 70% olimapo zoyenera tirigu. Madera otsalawo ndi balere, mawere ndi rye.

Agriculture kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan

Farm ku Northern Kazakhstan kusiyana mofulumira mchikakamizo cha zinthu zabwino nyengo. Apa, ambiri otukuka mkaka ndi nyama zoweta kuswana ndi ulimi nkhuku. Koma makampani chachikulu ndi nkhosa. minda ulimi wotanganidwa mbewu thonje ndi mbewu monga chimanga. Palinso zinthu zabwino kwambiri kwa kulima ndiwo zamasamba, zipatso ndi mavwende.

Features za ulimi mu East Kazakhstan

Agriculture East Kazakhstan ukufanizidwa makamaka rainfed ulimi. Madera yaikulu m'dziko wotanganidwa ndi mbewu mpendadzuwa. M'zigwa pali minda yaikulu ya tirigu, Mapila, nandolo ndi mbewu masamba. Komanso Dziwani ndi chitukuko mofulumira nyama ndi ng'ombe za mkaka kuswana. M'madera ena, kupanga viticulture yothiriridwa. Komanso, chidwi kwambiri linaperekedwa kwa kuswana nkhumba ndi akavalo. West Kazakhstan amakhala ndi chitukuko cha njuchi, ubweya malonda ndi njuchi.

mfundo boma ulimi

Chitukuko cha ulimi mu Kazakhstan ikuchitika mothandizidwa ndi akuluakulu. State lamulo ndi kusintha umalimbana kukwaniritsidwa kwa Mfundo zotsatirazi zofunika:

• kuwonjezera zochita entrepreneurial okhala kumadera akumidzi, komanso kutukula banjalo;
• kupereka okhala m'madera ulimi ndi magetsi, gasi, kumwa madzi ndi zinthu zina zofunika;
• yomanga ndi kukonza misewu akumidzi;
• wamakono kachitidwe kutumiza mauthenga;
• kulimbikitsa miyeso zaumoyo m'midzi (kumanga kapena kukonza yaikulu zipatala, munthu akatswiri yoyenera);
• kusintha kwa maphunziro kusukulu ndi mabungwe ena maphunziro;
• kupereka m'mudzimo kulumikiza mapulogalamu chikhalidwe ndi masewera;
• bwino chitetezo m'midzi ndi kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha maofesi apolisi, komanso mbali ya Utumiki wa Zochitika Emergency;
• chitetezo zachilengedwe kumadera a kumidzi;
• chitukuko cha njira ndondomeko mu kusamuka mkati kuti kuchepetsa outflow la anthu ochokera mzigawo ulimi.

Mavuto a chitukuko cha makampani

Zotsatirazi mavuto chachikulu cha ulimi mu Kazakhstan:

• malipiro msonkho osakwanira kugula, chifukwa mavuto a kusintha kwa zaka ndi ndondomeko ya makono ya ulimi munda boma;
• osakwanira kuchuluka kwa bizinesi mu gawo la;
• ndi wopasuka wa makampani mkaka (fanizo chidwi kwambiri pa vuto ndi kugula amakakamizidwa pa zinthu nalo la Kyrgyzstan);
• kufunika kuonjezera chiwerengero cha ng'ombe kuonjezera wolowa katundu nyama za m'mayiko ena;
• kusowa mpata kusunga mbewu (m'dera la zikepe ayenera anawonjezera osachepera kawiri kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha mbewu);
• Kusamuka ku mizinda chifukwa chitukuko osakwanira midzi (anthu kuti akugwira ntchito gawo la ulimi, makamaka ali aphunzitsidwa bwino);
• kuwonjezera imports wa ulimi;
• chakale chuma ndi luso m'munsi;
• chosowa chitukuko cha sayansi m'dera m'munda wa ulimi.

anapezazo

Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, wina akhoza kunena kuti pali stagnation makampani monga ulimi mu Kazakhstan. Mwachidule zinthu zikhoza kukhala ntchito inefficient ndi chosakwanira cha masoka ndi anthu zinthu, komanso ndalama osakwanira la nchito za ulimi anafotokoza. Nyengo ndi Natural Resources a Kazakhstan amathandiza kuti chitukuko cha ulimi nyama ndi kulima mbewu. Chifukwa cha mfundo za m'mayiko namwali, umene unachitika mu nthawi ya Soviet, pali pamaso pa m'madera ambiri olimapo, kupereka Kazakhstan kutsogolera udindo pa dziko msika tirigu.

Dziwani kufunika yovuta wa zaulimi ku chuma cha Kazakhstan. Pa gawo zimenezi n'zomwe pafupifupi 40% ya ndalama a mtundu wa boma. Popeza kuti gawo ili ntchito zosakwana 20% ya chiwerengero chuma yogwira, tikhoza kulankhula za mkulu mlingo wa zokha. Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto ndi chizindikiro cha zokolola, dziko anakwanitsa kufika pamalo achiwiri dziko mwa tirigu Waogula Zinthu Kunja. Ndi mabwalo yekha wa Soviet Union, umene uli mwayi kugulitsa mbewu kunja.

Ngakhale kuti ulimi ali ndi udindo ofunika chuma cha Kazakhstan, lili ndi mavuto ena. Chimodzi mwa mavuto waukulu - izo ndi kusintha chosakwanira kuti maonekedwe zamakono za ulimi, zikhale zovuta kulamulira malipiro a misonkho. Komanso Dziwani ndi kupanda ndalama mu makampani. The stagnation wamkulukulu mu nyama ndi mkaka makampani, wopita ku kwambiri amakakamizidwa deta kukumana ankafuna kugula kwa katundu. Vuto lina omwe amafuna njira yomweyo - ndi kusowa mpata kusunga mbewu kukolola.