Africa: nkhani m'dzikoli

Africa, amene mbiri zonse za zinsinsi zinsinsi za kutali kale ndi wamagazi zikuchitika ndale izi - kontinenti otchedwa chopunthira cha anthu. Ikulu Africa akugwirizira gawo limodzi mwa magawo wa dziko dera okwana dzikoli, dzikolo wolemera diamondi ndi mchere. Mu kumpoto anatambasula moyo, nkhanza ndi otentha zipululu kum'mwera - Nkhalango namwali ndi zambiri mitundu kuderako ya nyama ndi zomera. N'kosatheka kuona kusiyana kwa anthu ndi mafuko pa kulalikira, chiwerengero chawo kuzungulira zikwi zingapo. mafuko Small angapo midzi iwiri ndi mitundu ikuluikulu - ndiAmene chikhalidwe wapadera ndi wapadera "wakuda" Africa.

Kodi m'mayiko ambiri mu Africa, kumene kukhala Africa, malo ndi mbiri ya phunziroli, dziko - zonsezi adzaphunzilanso pa nkhaniyi.

Mbiri m'dzikoli

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha Africa ndi limodzi mwa mavuto ambiri ofunika mu zakale zokumba pansi. Ndipo ngati Egypt anakopeka akatswiri kuyambira nthawi yakale, ena m'dzikoli wakhala mu "mthunzi" mpaka m'ma 19. Prehistory m'dzikoli ndi yaitali mu mbiri ya anthu. Pa iwo, kuda oyambirira hominids apezeka, ankakhala zimene tsopano ndi Ethiopia. History of Asia ndi Africa anali mwapadera, chifukwa cha malo dera iwo zogwirizana ndi malonda ndi ubwenzi ndale ngakhale pamaso pa Mkuwa Age.

Zalembedwa amadziwika kuti ulendo oyamba padziko Africa wakhala anapanga ndi Farao Neko mu zaka 600 BC. Mu chidwi Middle Ages mu Africa anayamba kusonyeza Ulaya kuti zikukangalika osauka malonda ndi mitundu ya kum'mawa. Maulendowa oyamba Africa lakutali anakonza Chipwitikizi kalonga, zinali ndiye kuti olakwika mapeto Cape Boyador anatulukira ndipo anapanga kuti iye ndi munthu kum'mwera kufika Africa. Patapita zaka, ena Chipwitikizi - Bartholomew Diaz mu 1487 atapeza Cape of Good Hope. Pambuyo bwino ulendo wake ku Africa ndipo anafika ena mphamvu yaikulu European. Chifukwa, chiyambi cha m'ma 16 m'dziko lonse la kumadzulo nyanja ankagwidwa ndi Chipwitikizi, English ndi Spanish. Kenako anayamba mbiri atsamunda a Africa ndi kapolo yogwira.

malo Hrs

Africa - ichi ndi kontinenti wachiwiri kukula, malo miliyoni 30,3 sq. Km. Iye anatambasula kumpoto chakum'mwera pa mtunda 8000 Km, ndi kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo - 7500 Km. Kwa Africa yodziwika ndi predominance a lathyathyathya mtunda. Mu gawo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa lino Atlas Mapiri ndipo chipululu cha Sahara - Plateau Tibesti ndi Ahaggar, kummawa - Aitiopiya, kumwera - ndi Cape Drakensberg mapiri.

History Geographical cha Africa kumagwirizana ku British. Kuwonekera pa kumtunda m'zaka za m'ma 19, anali mwachangu ankafufuza iye, kuwulula zidzasintha chifukwa cha kukongola ndi ulemerero wa malo achilengedwe: Victoria Falls, Lake Chad, Kivu, Edward, Albert ndi ena mu Africa ndi imodzi mwa mitsinje akuluakulu padziko lonse - Nile, umene uli. chiyambi cha nthawi chopunthira cha kuteteza Egypt.

Chile ndi yotentha mu dziko, ichi ndi chifukwa cha malo ake lawolawo. Dera lonse la Africa lili ku nyengo yotentha, ndipo anawoloka equator.

wolemera kwambiri Africa mu zachilengedwe. Padziko lonse amadziwika madipoziti yaikulu ya diamondi mu Zimbabwe ndi South Africa, golide Ghana, Mali ndi Congo, mafuta Algeria ndi Nigeria, chitsulo ndi mtovu-nthaka ores pagombe la kumpoto.

Chiyambi cha kulamulira

Mbiri atsamunda a ku Asia ndi Africa ali mizu kwambiri mu masiku amakedzana. Zoyesayesa woyamba pogonjetsa mayiko amenewa azungu mwatenga ngakhale mu zaka 7-5. BC, pamene Agiriki anali midzi ambiri m'bali m'dzikoli. Pambuyo nthawi yaitali Hellenization la Iguputo chifukwa cha adzagonjetsa Alexander Wamkulu.

Kenako, mwa mavuto asilikali ambiri Roma unali anagwirizana lonse la nyanja kumpoto kwa Africa. Komabe, Romanization wakhala pansi pang'ono kwambiri, zamakolo otchedwa Berber mafuko anangopitiriza n'kulowa m'chipululu.

Africa mu Ages Middle

Pa kuchepa Ufumu wa Byzantine, mbiri ya Asia ndi Africa anapanga lakuthwa U-kusiyiratu kuti mbali ina ya chitukuko European. Itakula Berbers potsiriza anawononga malo Mkhristu zikhalidwe Africa North "kuchotsa" m'dera la agonjetsi watsopano - Aluya, amene anabweretsa Islam naye ndi kuwathamangitsa Ufumu wa Byzantium. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma pamaso chiwiri mu Africa ranneevropeyskih limati pafupifupi kusanduka ziro.

Chofunika zinasintha yekha mu gawo lotsiriza la Reconquista, pamene makamaka Chipwitikizi ndi Spain reconquered chilumba Spain ameneŵa, ndipo anakakonza maso ake pa kutsidya kwa Khwalala la Gibraltar. Patapita zaka 15-16, iwo anali kalikiliki Africa lamulo kugonjetsa, nalanda mfundo zingapo amphamvu. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 15. linagwirizana ndi French, English ndi Dutch.

A History Latsopano la Asia ndi Africa chifukwa cha zifukwa zambiri chimakhudzana ndi zogwirizana. Trade kum'mwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara ndi mwachangu osauka ya limati Arab zinachititsa kuti kulamulira pang'onopang'ono ndi lonse kum'mawa gawo m'dzikoli. Africa Kumadzulo anakaniza. Panali okhala Arab, koma ankafuna Morocco kugonjetsa dera analephera.

Mpikisano wa Africa

Atsamunda Chigawo cha Africa pa theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19 mpaka First World nkhondo ankatchedwa "wokalandira Africa". nthawi iyi anali ndi khalidwe la mpikisano okhwima ndi lolimba mu mphamvu ku Ulaya kutsogolera imperialist kwa khalidwe la ntchito asilikali ndi ntchito kafukufuku m'chigawo, amene potsirizira pake kuti agonjetse m'mayiko ena. Pacimake ndondomeko zinachitika pambuyo kukhazikitsidwa kwa Conference Berlin cha 1885 General Act, amene analengeza mfundo imene ogwira. The zotsatira za Africa gawo anali nkhondo asilikali pakati France ndi Great Britain mu chaka cha 1898, komwe kunachitika mu Upper Nile.

Ndi 1902, 90% Africa anali pansi pa ulamuliro European. Kuteteza ufulu ndi ufulu anali kokha Liberia ndi Ethiopia. Chiyambireni wa First World nkhondo inatha ndi mtundu atsamunda, zinachititsa pafupifupi lonse la Africa lidagawikana. Mbiri ya chitukuko cha madera anali m'njira zosiyanasiyana, malingana ngati, pansi amene protectorate zinali. The wambiri waukulu anali mu France ndi UK, pang'ono pokha mu Portugal ndi Germany. A ku Ulaya, Africa anali gwero lofunika a zipangizo, mchere ndi ntchito wotchipa.

chaka cha ufulu

Akuti kunasintha 1960, pamene wina pambuyo limati wina African anayamba kutuluka mphamvu ya matauni. Kumene, ndondomeko alibe atayamba ndipo Ndakwaniritsa ngati kochepa. "African" Komabe, ankalengeza kuti chaka cha 1960.

Africa, amene mbiri sanali kukhala mobisika ndi dziko, anasonyeza njira ina, koma ndajambula mu nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mbali kumpoto kwa Africa amakhudzidwa ndi nkhondo, amene ankawalamulira anamenyedwa mwa magulu lomaliza kupereka mzindawo ndi zipangizo ndi chakudya, komanso anthu. Mamiliyoni a ku Africa atenga mbali mu maudani, ambiri a iwo "kuthetsedwa" kenako mu Europe. Ngakhale chilengedwe padziko lonse ndale kuti "wakuda" Africa m'zaka nkhondo sankawabisira kuchira zachuma, nthawi pamene misewu zimamangidwa, madoko, airfields ndi runways, mabizinesi ndi mafakitale, etc.

A wozungulira latsopano la zochitika za Africa walandira pambuyo umwana England ya Atlantic hayala, amene zikutsimikizanso lamanja la anthu kwa kukhalanso. Ndipo pamene andale anayesa kundifotokozera kuti linali funso la anthu wotanganidwa wa Japan ndi Germany, ankawalamulira ankachitira chikalata mu mtima wake komanso. Mu nkhani ya kupeza ufulu Africa bwino patsogolo kwambiri otukuka Asia.

Ngakhale palibe amene akukangana ndi ufulu wodzilamulira, ku Ulaya sali akuchedwa "tiyeni tipite" a madera ake tiwolokere momasuka ndi khumi zoyambirira nkhondo itatha, mawu aliwonse ufulu anali kuponderezedwa mwankhanza. Chitsanzo zinalili pamene dziko la Britain ku 1957 anapatsidwa ufulu wa Ghana - m'mayiko ambiri olemera. Pakutha 1960 theka la Africa linalandira ufulu. Komabe, monga kunapezeka, izo sizitanthauza kanthu.

Ngati ife tikuyang'ana pa mapu, mudzaona kuti Africa, amene mbiri chisoni kwambiri, dziko lagawidwa mizere bwino ndi yosalala. The azungu sanali wofufuza zenizeni mitundu ndi chikhalidwe m'dzikoli, chabe kugawa malo nokha. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu ambiri anali ogaŵikana madera osiyanasiyana, pamene ena amaphatikiza pamodzi ndi adani analumbira. Pambuyo ufulu, izi zonse limene lachititsa mikangano osiyanasiyana, nkhondo zapachiweniweni, coups usilikali, ndiponso kupululutsa.

Ufulu wakhala analandira, ndizo basi zimene kochita ndi izo, palibe akudziwa. Azungu kumanzere, kutenga ndi zonse zimene zinali kutheka. Pafupifupi onse kachitidwe, kuphatikizapo maphunziro, zaumoyo anayenera kulengedwa kuchokera zikande. Panalibe ndodo, palibe chuma, palibe asapita yachilendo.

Mayiko ndi madera yozungulira mu Africa

Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa nkhani ya Kupezeka kwa Africa anayamba kale. Komabe, nkhondo ya colonialism European ndi zaka zinachititsa chakuti ano, palokha boma m'dera la Africa anapanga kwenikweni mu theka pakati kapena wachiwiri kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri. N'zovuta kunena ngati kum'patsa ufulu wochita zimene akufuna bwino kukhala mu malo awa. Africa chimaonedwabe m'mbuyo kwambiri chitukuko cha Chile, ndi pakali pano zinthu zonse zofunikira moyo wabwinobwino.

Pa nthawi, Africa kumene kuli anthu 1.037.694.509 - 14% ya chonse cha anthu a dziko lapansi. Dera la Chile lagawidwa mayiko 62, koma 54 a iwo okha chimatengedwa ngati paokha anthu padziko lonse. 10 chilumba mitundu ya iwo, 37 - ndi mwayi waukulu ku nyanja ndi nyanja, ndi 16 kumtunda.

Akuti Africa - kontinenti, komabe nthawi zambiri Ufumuyo zilumba pafupi. Ena a iwo a ku Ulaya. Kuphatikizapo French Reunion, Mayotte, Apwitikizi Madeira, ndi Spanish Melilla, Ceuta, Canary Islands chilumba British wa Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha ndi Ascension.

Africa ndi conventionally m'magulu 4 malingana malo Hrs: Northern, Western, Southern ndi East. Nthawi zina allocated osiyana chapakati dera.

Africa North

Africa North otchedwa dera lalikulu kwambiri ndi pafupifupi mamiliyoni 10 sq. M ^{2 ndi} gawo lalikulu ndiyo ya chipululu Sahara. Iwo lili yaikulu ya dziko la Africa: Sudan, Libya, Egypt ndi Algeria. Mayiko onse m'chigawo chakumpoto kwa eyiti, kotero ali ayenera zidzawonjezedwa Sudan South, SADR, Morocco, Tunisia.

History Contemporary cha Asia ndi Africa (kumpoto dera) sitingalephere zogwirizana. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 20 m'derali anali kwathunthu amatetezedwa wa maiko a ku Ulaya, ufulu iwo apeza mu zaka 50-60. Mu zaka zapitazo. The moyandikana lawolawo ku dziko lina (Asia ndi Ulaya) ndi malonda akale chikhalidwe ndi ubwenzi zachuma ndi izo achita ntchito. Kumbali ya kukula kwa Africa North mu malo bwino poyerekeza ndi South. Kupatulapo mwina ali yekha Sudan. Tunisia ali mpikisano kwambiri chuma mu dziko lonse, Libya, ndi Algeria kutulutsa mpweya ndi mafuta, zimagulitsidwa, Morocco ndi chinkhoswe mu migodi mwala wa phosphate. Chiwerengero osakhala a anthu akadali ntchito mu gawo la ulimi. gawo zofunika zochepa za chuma cha Libya, Tunisia, Egypt ndi Morocco akupanga ntchito zokopa alendo.

Kumzinda waukulu anthu oposa 9 miliyoni - Egypt Cairo, anthu ambiri a ena alibe upambana miliyoni 2 - Casablanca, Alexandria. Ambiri a ku Africa kumpoto moyo m'mizinda, ndi Muslim ndi kulankhula Arabic. M'mayiko ena, mmodzi wa akuluakulu abomawo ankaona kuti French. m'dera North Africa wolemera zipilala za m'mbiri yakale ndi zomangamanga, zinthu zachilengedwe.

Komanso akufuna kuphunzira wofuna European ntchito Desertec - pomanga dongosolo waukulu dzuwa mphamvu mu Sahara chipululu.

Africa West

Dera la Africa West chimafika kum'mwera kwa chapakati Sahara, nyanja ya Atlantic, pa kum'mawa ndi mapiri Cameroonian. Pali udzu komanso nkhalango zotentha, komanso kusowa lathunthu la zomera mu inapululuka. Mpaka nthawi imene mabanki a ku Ulaya phazi mu gawo ili la Africa kale m'mayiko monga Mali, Ghana ndi Songhai. Guinea dera kwa nthawi yaitali amatchedwa "manda a azungu" chifukwa chosasamalidwa zachilendo kwa azungu matenda: .. Mungu, malungo, matenda a kaodzera, etc. Pa nthawiyo, kagulu ka maiko West African ndi: Cameroon, Ghana, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Benin, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, Liberia, Mauritania, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Senegal.

Mbiri aposachedwapa a mayiko African m'chigawo akuvutikabe ndi kumenyana nkhondo. Gawo analekanitsidwa ndi kukangana ambiri pakati pa anglophone ndi francophone madera kale European. Zotsutsana kugona osati chotchinga chinenero, komanso malingaliro ndi maganizo. Pali mawanga otentha mu Liberia ndi Sierra Leone.

Road kugwirizana ofooka kwambiri ndi zoona, ndi zotsatira za nthawi ya atsamunda. Boma la Africa West ali pakati pa wosaukitsitsa mdziko. Ngakhale Nigeria Mwachitsanzo, ali nkhokwe yaikulu mafuta.

Africa East

The dera linalake monga dziko kum'mawa kwa mtsinje wa Nailo (kupatula Egypt), Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha kuitana chopunthira cha anthu. Ndi apa kuti malingana ndi iwo, banali.

Dera kwambiri wosakhazikika, nkhondo inasanduka nkhondo, kuphatikizapo nthawi wamba. Pafupifupi onse a iwo anapanga pa malo yosiyanasiyana. Africa East ndi anthu magulu oposa mazana awiri mitundu za thupi zinenero zinayi. Mu masiku a m'gawo atsamunda lidagawikana popanda kutenga nkhani zimenezi, monga zanenedwa, sanali kulemekezedwa chikhalidwe ndi masoka malire yosiyanasiyana. Lingathe nkhondo kwambiri kumalepheretsa chitukuko cha deralo.

Kwa Africa East zikuphatikizapo mayiko otsatirawa: Mauritius, Kenya, Burundi, Zambia, Djibouti, Comoros, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Mozambique, Seychelles, Uganda, Tanzania, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan South, Eritrea.

South Africa

dera South African ndi mbali chidwi m'dzikoli. Pali mayiko asanu. Akuti: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa. Onsewo ndi ogwirizana Union Southern African Customs, ndi migodi ndi malonda makamaka mafuta ndi diamondi.

Mbiri posachedwapa Africa kum'mwera chikugwirizana ndi dzina la wandale wotchuka Nelson Mandela (onani chithunzi), amene pamoyo wake kuti nkhondo ufulu ku dera matauni.

South Africa, amene anali pulezidenti anali kwa zaka 5, tsopano ndi dziko ambiri anayamba ku South America ndipo ndi yekhayo amene sananene kuti "Dziko lachitatuli" gulu. Pulogalamu ya chuma chololera kutenga malo 30 mwa maiko onse malinga ndi IMF. Iwo ali nkhokwe wolemera kwambiri zachilengedwe. Ndi mmodzi wa bwino kwambiri chitukuko mu Africa ndi chuma cha Botswana. Mu malo oyamba pali ziweto ndi ulimi mwaunyinji ali ncho diamondi, ndi mchere.