A chamoyo amoyo - izo ... The gulu la zamoyo. Kuchotsedwa zamoyo

A zamoyo - ndi nkhani yaikulu, amene akuphunzira sayansi, monga zamoyo. Ndi dongosolo zovuta, wopangidwa mwa maselo, ziwalo ndi zimakhala. A chamoyo moyo - ndi amene ali zingapo zochititsa khalidwe. Iye amapuma kudya, amasuntha ndi kusuntha ndipo ali ana.

Sciences moyo

Mawu akuti "zamoyo" anadziwana ndi JB Lamarck - French zachilengedwe - mu 1802. Pa za nthawi yomweyo ndipo paokha ndi dzina la sayansi, akukhala padziko, anapereka German katswiri GR Treviranus.

Ndime zambiri za Biology kuganizira zosiyanasiyana panopa alipo, koma kale zinatha zamoyo osati. Amaphunzira anachokera ndi njira zamoyo zinachita, kapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito, komanso chitukuko munthu ndi kulankhulana ndi chilengedwe ndi zina.

Ndime Biology ankaona malamulo payekha ndi ambiri, ndiwo chibadidwe zamoyo zonse mu katundu onse ndi mawonetseredwe. Izi imakhudzanso kubereka, ndipo thupi ndi chibadwa, ndi chitukuko ndi kukula.

Yambani siteji mbiri

The zamoyo woyamba wamoyo padziko lathuli mu dongosolo ake zimasiyana kwambiri panopa alipo. Iwo anali zosavuta. Kwa magawo onse a mapangidwe moyo pa dziko lapansi anadza kusankha zamoyo. Anathandizira kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zamoyo, kuzilola kuti atengere dziko lakunja.

Pa siteji koyamba majeremusi tikukhala mu chikhalidwe idyani zosakaniza organic kuti chikanachitika ku zimam'patsa chachikulu. Kumayambiriro kwa mbiri yake, komanso nyama ndi zomera ndi ting'onoting'ono zolengedwa zokhala ndi selo imodzi. Iwo anali ofanana ndi amoebae panopa, buluu wobiriwira algae ndi mabakiteriya. Pa zamoyo wa zamoyo multicellular anayamba kuoneka amene anali zambiri zosiyanasiyana ndi zovuta kuposa akapolo anzawo akale.

mipweya

A chamoyo amoyo - ndiko kuti, mamolekyulu amene anapanga zinthu zochita kupanga ndi organic.

Akale a zigawo izi monga madzi ndi mchere salt. zinthu Organic ali maselo a zamoyo ndi mafuta ndi mapuloteni, zidulo mkati chakudya, ATP ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Dziwani chakuti zamoyo mu dongosolo muli zigawo zikuluzikulu yomweyo zimene zilipo ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zopanda moyo. Chachikulu kusiyana ndi mu chiŵerengero cha zinthu deta. Zamoyo - peresenti anthu makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu amene amapita ku hayidirojeni, Mpweya ndi asafe.

Gawo

Dziko organic kwa dziko lathu lili ndi chiphadzuwa pafupifupi theka la miliyoni zosiyanasiyana nyama, mitundu pafupifupi hafu miliyoni zomera, komanso tizilombo miliyoni khumi. zosiyanasiyana zimenezi sizingathetsedwe anaphunzira popanda systematization mwatsatanetsatane. Gulu la zamoyo poyamba ndi Swedish zachilengedwe Carl Linnaeus. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake, iye anaika mfundo masanjidwe. Unit anakhala ngati systematization, dzina lake wayitanidwa kupereka okha Latin.

Gulu la zamoyo ntchito zamoyo ano wamoyo, amatanthauza zimakhalira pachibale ndi mabwenzi zinachokera machitidwe organic. Pokhalabe mfundo ya utsogoleri wolowezana.

Kuchotsedwa zamoyo kuti ali ndi magwero ofanana, yemweyo khromozomu akonzedwa, ndinazolowera chofanana wamoyo, tikukhala mu malo enieni, momasuka interbreed ndi kupereka ana angathe kubereka, ndipo maganizo.

Pali gulu lina mwa zamoyo. sayansi zamoyo zonse ma anawagawa m'magulu molingana ndi kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa pachimake formalized. Iwo prokaryotes ndi eukaryotes.

Gulu loyamba ukufanizidwa ndi zamoyo wosazindikira popanda mtima. Maselo amenewa secrete m'dera nyukiliya, koma lili molekyulu yekha. Izi mabakiteriya.

Nyukiliya oyimira owona a dziko organic ndi eukaryotes. Maselo a zamoyo wa gulu wamoyo ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse zoyambirira structural. Bwino chokongoletsedwa ndi iwo, ndipo pachimake. gulu zikuphatikizapo nyama, zomera ndi bowa.

Kapangidwe ka zamoyo kungakhale osati khungu. Biology maphunziro ndi njira zina za moyo. Zikuphatikizapo zamoyo si ma, monga mavairasi ndi bacteriophages.

Makalasi a zamoyo

Mu taxonomy kwachilengedwenso alipo Udindo masanjidwe gulu, amene asayansi kukhulupirira umodzi wa chachikulu. Anatchula makalasi a zinthu zamoyo. The akuluakulu izi:

- mabakiteriya,

- bowa;

- nyama;

- zomera;

- algae.

Kufotokozera za makalasi

Bakiteriya ndi zamoyo. Izi zokhala ndi selo imodzi, imene wachulukitsa ndi kugawikana. Selo mu bakiteriya ndi akachita chipolopolo ndipo ali cytoplasm.

Kwa makalasi zotsatirazi zinthu zamoyo ndi bowa. Mu chikhalidwe, pali mitundu pafupifupi zikwi makumi asanu oimira izi za mdziko organic. Komabe, akatswiri aphunzira peresenti asanu a chonse pamodzi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti bowa ali mbali ya zomera ndi nyama. Yofunika kwambiri ya kalasi ya zamoyo lagona luso kuwola ndinso organic. N'chifukwa chake bowa angapezeke pafupifupi niches amalandira.

A zosiyanasiyana lalikulu la zomera akhoza kudzitama. Oimira kalasi angapezeke m'madera omwe, pamene zikuoneka kuti palibe zinthu kukhalapo.

The kalasi kwambiri mwadongosolo ndi magazi ofunda nyama. Dzinali iwo ali pa zimene kudyetsa ana. nthumwi zonse anawagawa nyama ungulates (giraffe, kavalo) ndi carnivores (nkhandweyo, nkhandwe, chimbalangondo).

Oimira dziko nyama komanso muli nyerere. Iwo ali m'dziko lapansi pali ambiri. Iwo kusambira ndi kuwuluka, kumakwawa ndi kulumpha. Ambiri a tizilombo imeneyi kukula kakang'ono kamene iwo sangaime ngakhale mavuto madzi.

Mmodzi wa inakhala choyamba anatuluka kalelo mbiri pamtunda, anali achule ndi zokwawa. Komabe moyo wa kalasi amagwirizana ndi madzi. Choncho, malo akulu - youma, ndi kupuma n'kosavuta. Mphutsi komanso kupuma ndi makutu ndi kusambira m'madzi. Panopa m'dzikoli pali mitundu pafupifupi zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri a kalasi ya zamoyo.

Wapadera oimira zomera za padziko lathuli ndi mbalame. Ndipotu, mosiyana ndi nyama zina, amatha kuuluka. Lapansi kunyumba kwa mitundu pafupifupi zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu mazana asanu a mbalame. Pakuti m'gulu limeneli yodziwika ndi nthenga ndi dzira kuika.

Kuti gulu lalikulu inakhala a nsomba. Iwo amakhala amatunga ndipo ndi zipsepse ndi makutu. Akatswiri anawagawa m'magulu awiri a nsomba. Izi chichereŵechereŵe ndi fupa. Panopa, pali zikwi makumi awiri mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba.

Mkati kalasi chomera ali kuwunikira yake. oimira zomera anawagawa dicots ndi monocots. M'nthawi ya magulu amenewa Ndisanaumbidwe mbewu ili, wopangidwa mwa cotyledons awiri. Dziwani kuti anthu a mitundu kungakhale masamba. Iwo zinapatsira ndi mauna a mitsempha (chimanga, Beets). Ndisanaumbidwe wa monocots kokha Muzu wina. Pa masamba a mitengo imeneyi imakonzedwa mitsempha kufanana (anyezi, tirigu).

algae Maphunziro ali pa zikwi makumi atatu mitundu. Izi m'madzi spore zomera kuti mulibe Mitsempha, koma ndi chlorophyll. chigawo zimenezi kumathandiza kuti ndondomeko dzuwa. Ndere osati kupanga mbewu. kubalana awo kumachitika vegetative kapena spore. Ndi zomera apamwamba kalasi ya zinthu yodziwika ndi kusapezeka kwa moyo zimayambira, masamba ndi mizu. Iwo atsala ndi thupi otchedwa wotchedwa Thallus.

Nchito chibadidwe zamoyo

Kodi kwambiri kuti aliyense wa dziko organic? Izi mphamvu zolimbitsa thupi kagayidwe njira ndi zinthu. Mu thupi ndi kutembenuka zonse zipangizo zosiyanasiyana mu mphamvu, ndi kusintha kwa thupi ndi mankhwala zimachitika.

nchito imeneyi ndi chofunika kuti kuli zamoyo. Ndi chifukwa kagayidwe wa anthu dziko organic osiyana ndi zochita kupanga. Inde, zinthu zopanda moyo komanso ndi kusintha kwa zinthu ndiponso mphamvu kusintha. Komabe, njira izi ndi zosiyana zawo ofunika. Kagayidwe, lomwe limapezeka mu zinthu zochita kupanga, kuwawononga iwo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zamoyo zopanda ndondomeko kagayidwe kachakudya sangathe kupitiriza kukhalapo. Zotsatira za kagayidwe ndi kusintha dongosolo organic. Kuchotsa njira kuwombola amafa.

Ntchito za zamoyo ndi osiyanasiyana. Koma onse a iwo mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi njira kagayidwe kachakudya zikuchitika mu izo. Iyi ndi kukula ndi kubereka, chitukuko ndi chimbudzi, zakudya ndi mpweya, anachita ndi chipwirikiti Kasankhidwe katulutsidwe katundu zinyalala, etc. Pa mtima wa ntchito iliyonse ya thupi ya ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa mphamvu ndi zinthu. Komanso mofanana chikukhudza mwayi monga zimakhala, foni yake, ndipo lonse chamoyo.

Kagayidwe anthu ndi nyama ikukhudza njira ya zakudya ndi chimbudzi. Zomera, izo ikuchitika mwa photosynthesis. A chamoyo moyo pamene ndikukhazikitsa kagayidwe yokha amapereka zakudya zofunikira kwa moyo.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa dziko organic zinthu ndi ntchito zopangira magetsi kunja. Chitsanzo cha ichi atha kutumikira ngati kuwala ndi chakudya.

Katundu wa chibadidwe zamoyo

Aliyense wagawo kwachilengedwenso chili mbali munthu, amene nawonso, mawonekedwe inextricably chikugwirizana dongosolo. Mwachitsanzo, mu akaphatikiza ziwalo zonse ndi ntchito kuimira thupi lake. The katundu wa zamoyo ndi osiyanasiyana. Kuwonjezera limodzi mipweya ndi kuthekera njira kagayidwe kachakudya akutsutsa organic dziko angathe bungwe. Kuchokera zoyenda maselo opangidwa wachisokonezo nyumba zina. Izi zimachititsa kuti zonse zamoyo dongosolo linalake ku nthawi ndi malo. Kandalama mwadongosolo akonzedwa lonse la zovuta kudziletsa malamulo njira kagayidwe kachakudya zimene zimachitika mu dongosolo yeniyeni. Izi zimathandiza kusunga mlingo ankafunika zonse chilengedwe mkati. Mwachitsanzo, timadzi insulin amachepetsa chiwerengero cha shuga m'magazi pamene owonjezera. Ndi wopanda chigawo ichi amapanga zikuwonjezereka masiku ano wake ndi glucagon. Komanso, zamoyo magazi ofunda adzalandira njira zosiyanasiyana za thermoregulation. Izi yowonjezera capillaries khungu, komanso kwambiri thukuta. Monga mukuonera, ichi ndi ntchito zofunika kuchitidwa ndi thupi.

The katundu wa zamoyo zimene zimayenera kukhala zachindunji yokhayo dziko organic, ndipo anamaliza mu ndondomeko wodzilamulira kubereka, chifukwa kuli aliyense zamoyo ndi nthawi malire. Kulimbikitsa moyo zitha kukhala kudziletsa kubalana. Chifukwa cha mbali iyi ndi mapangidwe nyumba yatsopano maselo ndipo chifukwa cha nkhani yomwe inalowa mu DNA. Self-kubalana ndi inextricably zogwirizana chibadwa. Ndipotu cholengedwa chibala ngati okha. Kudzera chibadwa zamoyo kupatsira makamaka chitukuko, katundu wawo ndi makhalidwe. katundu Ichi ndi chifukwa cha khama. Lilili mu Kapangidwe ka DNA.

Chinthu china khalidwe la zamoyo, ndi irritability. kachitidwe Organic nthawi zonse kuyankha mkati ndi kunja kusintha (amadza). Mokhudzana irritability thupi, ndi n'zogwirizana ndi katundu wa chibadidwe ndi minofu kuti, mantha, ndi minofu glandular. zigawo izi angathe kupereka mphamvu ayankhe pambuyo minofu chidule, mitsempha chiyambi mopupuluma, ndi katulutsidwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana (mahomoni, malovu, etc.). Ndipo ngati akumanidwa ya ubongo wa zamoyo? The katundu wa zamoyo mu mawonekedwe a irritability akuwonetseredwa mu nkhani iyi kuyenda. Mwachitsanzo, mogwirizana kusiya njira imene mchere ndende ndi okwera kwambiri. Koma zomera, amatha kusintha udindo wa mphukira kuti kuyamwa kuwala ngati kuli kotheka.

dongosolo moyo uliwonse angayankhe nzothandiza lapansi. Ichi ndi chinthu china zinthu dziko organic - excitability. Zimenezi anaonetsetsa minofu zimakhala glandular. Imodzi mwa zimene chomaliza cha excitability ndi kayendedwe. amatha ndi chuma wamba wa zamoyo zonse, ngakhale kuti ena zamoyo zikuoneka mosatsata izo. Ndipotu, kayendedwe ka cytoplasm amapezeka mu selo lililonse. Anakhudzidwa ndi Ufumuyo nyama. Growth kayendedwe ndi kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha maselo anati zomera.

malo

Kupezeka kwa dziko organic zinthu n'chotheka akamaziwononga. Ena gawo la danga nthawizonse tikukhala ndi chamoyo wamoyo kapena gulu lonse. Ichi ndi malo.

Mu moyo wa chamoyo chilichonse, organic ndi zochita kupanga m'nyanjazi zachilengedwe mbali yofunika kwambiri. Iwo adzatulutsa zotsatira zina pa iye. DNA kuti azolowere zinthu alipo. Choncho, nyama zina zikhoza kukhala ndi moyo mu Far North pa otsika kutentha kwambiri. Ena chiyenera kukhala mu kotentha.

Padziko lapansi, pali malo angapo. Ena mwa iwo:

- madzi;

- nthaka madzi;

- nthaka;

- nthaka;

- ndi chamoyo moyo;

- pansi mpweya.

Udindo wa zamoyo m'chilengedwe

Moyo Padziko Lapansi akhala zaka biliyoni atatu. Ndipo pa nthawi iyi zonse, zamoyo zayambika, anasintha, nakhazikika pa nthawi yomweyo ntchito pa chilengedwe chawo.

Zotsatira pa machitidwe organic m'mlengalenga anachititsa maonekedwe a ndalama yaikulu ya mpweya. Izi kwambiri yafupika kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa. Ndiwo kupanga mpweya ndi zomera.

Mothandizidwa ndi zamoyo ndi anasintha zikuchokera kwa Ocean World. chiyambi Organic ndi miyala. chuma mchere (mafuta, malasha, laimu) - izo ndi chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito zamoyo. M'mawu ena, zinthu dziko organic ndi mphamvu kuti amasintha chikhalidwe.

Zamoyo ngati chizindikiro, kuonetsera ubwino wa chilengedwe anthu. Iwo ali oyanjana zovuta zomera ndondomeko ndi dothi. Ndi imfa ya ngakhale ulalo osakwatira izi unyolo chifuniro vutoli dongosolo zachilengedwe wonse. N'chifukwa chake kufalitsa mphamvu ndi kanthu pa dziko ndi kofunika kupitiriza zosiyanasiyana zonse zilipo wa oimira dziko organic.