Zizindikiro za ulamuliro demokalase maganizo

Pakali pano, mayiko ambiri demokalase mu dziko. Mfundo imeneyi kwambiri ndi zinazika mizu mu chikumbumtima munthu kutukuka. Koma kodi zizindikiro za ulamuliro demokalase? Kumasiyana Motani ndi Njira za mitundu ina ya boma imakonzedwa, ndi mitundu ndi makhalidwe otani?

Chiyambi ndi mawu akuti

Pamaso kufotokoza zotsatira za ulamuliro demokalase ziyenera ananena kuti mawu "demokalase" timapeza a Chigiriki. Mawu Demos amatanthauza "anthu", ndipo kratos mawu - mphamvu. Kwenikweni linamasuliridwa mawuwa amatanthauza "mphamvu ya anthu" ndi "demokalase." Kwa nthawi yoyamba icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu zikuchokera wotchuka Greece dzina ndi woganiza Aristotle otchedwa "Ndale".

Mbiri ya chitukuko Kale

Pachikhalidwe amaganiza kuti zinachitika wa demokalase - ndi mzinda wakale Greek wa Athens mu zaka chimodzi ndi wachisanu BC. Zizindikiro za ulamuliro demokalase kuonekera kale pa nthawi imeneyo. Mu masiku oyambirira a demokalase wakale Greek kunaoneka monga ngati chitsanzo cha gulu la moyo wapoyera, mwapadera, imene munthu kuposa wina ali ndi mphamvu (wolamulira wankhanza, mfumu) ndipo ngakhale gulu la anthu mwachindunji (tycoons, olemekezeka), ndi anthu onse. Amagwiritsidwanso ankaganiza kuti "Demos" (anthu) adzakhala ndi ufulu wofanana ndi kunyamula chopereka wofanana kasamalidwe awo a boma. Izi ndi zimene zinali zofunika kwambiri pa ulamuliro demokalase.

Mbiri ya chitukuko masiku ano

Mapangidwe States kuti ndi zizindikiro za ulamuliro demokalase pamene dongosolo wathunthu, zinachitika chakachi chitadutsa, za zaka shestnadtsatom- chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu cha nthawi yathu ino. ndondomeko anayamba m'mayiko monga France, United States, Netherlands, United Kingdom. Kwafalikira a malonda ndi malonda asapita, kukula kwa m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndi mafakitale, atulukira Hrs, kufunika kwa udindo wa madera wamkulu, akuluakulu sayansi ndi luso atulukira ndi zoyambitsidwa, tinganene kuti makina yopanga dzanja, kukula kwa njira zolankhulirana ndi zoyendera kudzikundikira chuma - chinsinsi chikhalidwe ndi magwero a zachuma, amene anatsegula dziko kutukuka makhalidwe a boma demokalase. Zotsutsana pakati pa anthu apamwamba akale ndi amphamvu chuma "malo chachitatu" kukula chofunika kusintha mu ndale ulamuliro anthu. Anzeru ndi anzeru monga Montesquieu, Locke, Rousseau, Paine, Jefferson, pamene anafotokoza mu zolemba zake mbali yaikulu ya boma demokalase. Anthu a United States of America, France, England anatha kuonetsa kuti, anagonjetsa monarchism ndi kuika malamulo, zachuma ndi chikhalidwe maziko a demokalase ndi kulenga preconditions kwa kukonzanso limati.

mfundo ndi makhalidwe

Zizindikiro za ulamuliro demokalase a boma voti - izi ndi waukulu zimasiyanitsa zizindikiro wamkulu ndilo ulamuliro wachilengedwe anthu. Democracy monga mfundo ndi zikuphatikizapo kuzindikira anthu monga wamkulu ndi yekhayo gwero la mphamvu mu dziko. Nzika ndithu ufulu wosankha tsogolo lawo. State akuluakulu akuyenera kudalira mawu a naye anthu ndi yovomerezeka kokha ngati imayendetsedwa ndi kukhalapo ndi mapangidwe anthu (omwe adzaponye chisanko) mogwirizana ndi malamulo onse, malangizo. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa ulamuliro demokalase ndi Zisankho zochitika momasuka ndi chifuniro cha anthu. Anthu kusankha owayimilira, ndi levers weniweni wa chikoka ndiponso njira kwa Powunika momwe ntchito yawo mu ndondomeko ya boma. Pa chisankho, malinga ndi malamulo, anthu ali ndi ufulu wonse kusintha mtheradi kapena tsankho la boma ndi kusintha structural. Zonsezi pamwambapa - mbali yaikulu ya boma demokalase. Tikumbukenso kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wonse kwa asanakalambe apemphe boma osankhidwa ndi mphamvu ngati inu muzindikire nkhanza bwino mphamvu. Izi ndi zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana za demokalase ndi ulamuliro wankhanza ulamuliro (umene palibe deta ndi kupezapo ntchito nzika ').

Lingaliro la umunthu mu demokarase

maganizo a anthu ndi pamene panayambira wa bungwe zandale ndiponso, ndi ulamuliro wa anthu pa mphamvu - zizindikiro za aufulu-demokalase boma. umunthu kuti munthu ndi wamtengo wapatali kwambiri mu dziko. ndi zizindikiro za ulamuliro demokalase izo amalenga chimene? Anthu ndi anthu amaonedwa monga Uwerenge osiyana anthu lochitira palokha, osati chifuniro monolithic umodzi. kuchuluka amasonyeza ophatikizana zofuna za umunthu payekha. Zizindikiro za ulamuliro demokalase nawonso ndi kuzindikira zofuna za patsogolo anthu oposa boma ndi kuzindikira aliyense wa ndalama payekha a ufulu ndi ufulu, amene ayitanidwa zachilengedwe ndi chofunika kwambiri. Zimenezi zikhoza kukhala bwino kuti moyo ndi kukhalapo chitsanzo. Democratic boma, mfundo, mbali ndi makhalidwe amene mozungulira zochokera ufulu, komanso adzaphatikizapo ufulu monga kukhulupirika, ufulu, chitetezo komanso kuteteza chuma payekha.

Kufunika kwa ufulu ndi kumasulika anthu

Zizindikiro za aufulu-demokalase ulamuliro - kuonetsetsa ufulu ulemu kwa munthuyo, ufulu kukhala moyo monga mwa zinthu izi, mwayi chopanda malire kakhala kudziko lawo ndi m'dziko lawo, ufulu banja komanso kulera ana awo. Gwero la onsewa ufulu ndi kwachikhalire ndi ufulu si boma, osati anthu kapena banja, umunthu yokha. N'chifukwa chake zonsezi pamwambapa sangakhale mu njira iliyonse anakayikira. ufulu sangathe kucheza ndi munthu kapena okha (kumene, ife sindikuyankhula za pamene munthu wachita upandu). Komanso, zizindikiro za ulamuliro demokalase - ndi pamaso pa ufulu ena ambiri ndi kumasulika (ndale, chuma, chikhalidwe, wauzimu, boma, etc.), ambiri mwa amagwiritsidwa basi kupeza udindo wa kuvomerezedwa ndi wosachoka.

Ufulu wa anthu - ndichiyani?

Ngati zizindikiro za ulamuliro demokalase zochokera ufulu payekha, zikutanthauza chiyani? ufulu wa anthu - ndi malamulo amene amayendetsa ubale pakati pa anthu aufulu, anthu ndi boma, kupereka mwayi kwa zinthu pa njira zawo, kulandira phindu miyoyo yawo. Liberty imaperekanso kusankha ntchito ndi khalidwe. Ndi ya ufulu ndi kumasulika - izi ndi mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro demokalase omwe kupanga dongosolo wathunthu.

ndi ufulu wa aliyense

munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu zosiyanasiyana. Izi "zoipa", amene amateteza ufulu wa munthu ndi monga ntchito za boma ndi anthu, osati kuti zochita zosayenera poyerekezera ndi munthu (wozunzikirapo, kuzunzidwa, umasinthasintha kumangidwa, ndi zina zotero). Palinso "zabwino", kutanthauza udindo wa boma ndi anthu kupereka madalitso ena kuti munthu (zosangalatsa, maphunziro ndi ntchito). Komanso, ufulu ndi ufulu anawagawa munthu, ndale, chikhalidwe, za chuma ndi zina zotero.

Ofunika chikalata cha ufulu wa demokalase

Zizindikiro za ulamuliro demokalase kwa nthawi yoyamba imene yatchedwa mokwanira Universal Declaration of Human Rights, omwe anavomerezedwa mu 1948. Modabwitsa, Soviet Union chiyani kulemba pa nthawi, ndi kokha pamene Gorbachev iye anamuzindikira. M'chikalata chino zikusonyeza ufulu onse a boma, patsidwa mndandanda wa ufulu zabwino ndi zoipa. Komanso anafotokoza tanthauzo ndi ochititsa ufulu ndale, chuma ndi chikhalidwe. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights - gawo la malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Komanso, United Nations anatengera ambiri misonkhano, mapangano ndi zachitikadi umalimbana kukhazikitsa demokalase, ndi chithandizo cha ufulu wa chibadwidwe ndi ulemu.

Ambiri malingaliro - Mbali otchuka wa demokalase

Zipani - mbali yofunika kwambiri ya m'maulamuliro onse demokalase. Izi zikutanthauza kuzindikira pagulu ndi moyo ndale za zosiyanasiyana yoyenda yokha (koma nthawi yomweyo zogwirizana) Social ndi ndale maphwando, magulu, mabungwe, maofesi ndi mfundo amakhala mu mkhalidwe mpikisano, poyerekezera ndi mpikisano. Zipani akutumikira monga zosiyana ndi okhawo ndipo ndi mfundo za demokalase ndale. Pali zizindikiro zina khalidwe la izo:

- mpikisano wa zisudzo zosiyanasiyana zandale;

- Chigawo cha mphamvu ndi kusiyanitsidwa mphamvu wolowezana dongosolo;

- osati okhawo aliyense pa mpikisano ndale ndi mphamvu mokomera chipani chilichonse;

- ndi Mipikisano chipani andale;

- momasuka zosiyanasiyana njira ya mawu ndi zinthu zonse;

- mpikisano ndi luso kusintha kwa elites, mavuto awo ndi mpikisano ufulu;

- mu chimango cha lamulo ali ndi ufulu kulibe maganizo zina za ndale komanso.

Zoyambazo Soviet Union pambuyo kugwa Soviet Union chifukwa ndondomeko mofulumira a democratization ndondomeko kukhazikitsa zipani zinali zovuta kwambiri, monga mwambo wa "lakale" dongosolo opondereza komabe kwathunthu inathetsedwa.

ndi kuthandiza demokalase Kodi

The stabilizers waukulu ndale komanso ndi owongolera ndi nzika okha. Mu dera chuma ichi ndi katundu wapadera wa anthu, amene amalenga maziko ufulu wathunthu wa umunthu munthu ku mabungwe a mphamvu ndi magulu osiyana a chipembedzo, ndale komanso. dongosolo Mipikisano chipani, maganizo ndi ndale zipani, agwiritseni kulekana kwa mphamvu ya boma ku nthambi zingapo palokha ndi mapangidwe dongosolo mgwirizano (moyenera), free chisankho - zonsezi amalenga maziko amphamvu kuli demokalase mu dziko masiku ano.