Zitsanzo za semiconductors. Mitundu, katundu, ntchito yothandiza

Yotchuka kwambiri ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi pakachitsulo (Si). Koma popanda iye, pali ena ambiri. Zitsanzo chilengedwe, monga michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi zipangizo monga blende (ZnS), cuprite (Cu ₂ Inu), galena (PBS) ndi ena ambiri. Banja la semiconductors, kuphatikizapo semiconductors anakonza mu Laboratories, Bwaloli ndi limodzi mwa magulu ambiri osiyanasiyana zipangizo kwa munthu.

Mapangidwe a semiconductors

Wa zinthu 104 wa tebulo zodziwitsa ndi zitsulo 79, 25 - nonmetals kumene 13 mankhwala zinthu adzatenga katundu semiconducting ndi 12 - dielectric. Main michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi Mbali tichipeza mu madutsidwe chawo chinawonjezeka kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha. Pa otsika kutentha, iwo amachita zinthu ngati insulators, ndi pa mkulu - ngati akuwauza. semiconductors izi zimasiyana ndi zitsulo: zitsulo kukana kumawonjezera mofanana ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha.

Kusiyana kwina ndi chitsulo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi kulimbikira kwa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi amachepetsa mchikakamizo cha kuwala, pamene iwowa zitsulo si bwanji. Ndiponso madutsidwe wa semiconductors zimasiyanasiyana pamene kutumikiridwa ndi zazing'ono kuchuluka wodetsedwa.

Semiconductors amapezeka pakati mankhwala ndi nyumba osiyana krustalo. Izi zikhoza kukhala zinthu monga pakachitsulo ndi selenium, kapena mankhwala awiri monga gallium arsenide. mankhwala ambiri organic, monga polyacetylene, (CH) _N, - zipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi. Ena semiconductors kuonetsa maginito (Cd _1-× MN _× Te) kapena katundu ferroelectric (SbSI). Other alloying mokwanira kukhala superconductors (GeTe ndi SrTiO _3). Ambiri a kumene anapeza superconductors mkulu-kutentha ndi zachitsulo semiconducting gawo. Mwachitsanzo, La ₂ CuO ₄ ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi, koma mapangidwe a aloyi ndi SR amakhala sverhrovodnikom (La _1-× SR _{x) 2} CuO _4.

Physics mabuku kupereka tanthauzo monga chuma michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi resistivity magetsi a ku 10 ^-4 10 ⁷ ohms · m. Mwinamwake tanthauzo zina. M'lifupi mwa gulu adaletsedwa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi za - kuchokera 0 3 EV. Zitsulo ndi semimetals - mfundo ndi ziro mphamvu kusiyana ndi chinthu chimene kuposa W EV otchedwa insulators. Pali kuchotserapo. Mwachitsanzo, michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi diamondi ali lonse choletsedwa zone 6 EV, theka-chimateteza GaAs - 1,5 EV. GaN, mfundo zipangizo optoelectronic m'dera buluu, ali woletsedwa gulu m'lifupi mwake 3.5 EV.

kusiyana mphamvu

Valence orbitals maatomu mu latisi galasi anawagawa m'magulu awiri a misinkhu mphamvu - woyendera nthambi ufulu unali pa mlingo wapamwamba, ndipo ndiyo madutsidwe magetsi a semiconductors, ndi valence gulu m'munsimu. misinkhu awa, malingana ndi chosokonekera wa kophimba galasi kapangidwe ndi maatomu akhoza intersect kapena spaced Chrixitu. Zikatero pali mphamvu kusiyana, kapena mawu ena, pakati pa mabacteria ngoletsedwa gulu.

Tsambali ndi kudzazidwa mlingo anatsimikiza ndi katundu conductive zakuthupi. Malinga ndi mankhwala Mbali akufufuta akuwauza kuti, insulators, ndi semiconductors. M'lifupi mwa gulu adaletsedwa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi imasiyana 0.01-3 EV, mphamvu kusiyana kwa dielectric kuposa 3 EV. Zitsulo chifukwa alipo a mipata mphamvu zimatiyika simuli.

Semiconductors ndi insulators, mosiyana ndi zitsulo, ndi ma elekitironi ndizodzazidwa gulu valence ndi yapafupi ufulu zone, kapena conduction gulu, mphamvu valence ndi wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba kuchokera chotupa - gawo la mphamvu adaletsedwa ma elekitironi.

Mu dielectrics mphamvu matenthedwe kapena negligible munda magetsi si zokwanira kuti kulumpha kudutsa kusiyana izi, ma elekitironi si nkhani kwa conduction gulu. Satha adutsa kophimba galasi ndi kukhala onyamula magetsi.

Kuti mphamvu ya madutsidwe magetsi, ndi elekitironi mu mlingo valence apatsidwe mphamvu, zimene zingakhale zokwanira kuthetsa kusiyana mphamvu. Only pamene kuchuluka kwa mphamvu mayamwidwe si kakang'ono kuposa phindu kusiyana mphamvu, ndidzadutsa pa valence elekitironi mlingo pa mlingo conduction.

Zikatero, ngati m'lifupi kusiyana mphamvu kuposa 4 EV, madutsidwe michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi malemeredwe walitsa magetsi ndi zosatheka - ndi malemeredwe mphamvu ya ma elekitironi pa kutentha limatsogolera singakwane kulumpha kusiyana mphamvu kudzera woyendera nthambi. Pamene usavutike, ndi galasi chimasungunula pamaso madutsidwe ya zamagetsi. Zinthu zimenezi zimaphatikizapo khwatsi (De = 5,2 EV), diamondi (De = 5,1 EV), salt ambiri.

Extrinsic ndi yofunika madutsidwe michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi

Net michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi makhiristo ndi yofunika madutsidwe. semiconductors amenewa yoyenera maina. Umunthu michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi lili ofanana chiwerengero mabowo ndi ma elekitironi ufulu. Pamene Kutentha nacho madutsidwe wa semiconductors ukuwonjezeka. Pa kutentha zonse, pali chikhalidwe cha zazikulu mgwirizano kuchuluka kwa kwaiye awiriawiri zinthu zosiyanasiyana za dzenje ndi chiwerengero cha recombining ma elekitironi ndi mabowo, amene sizisintha pansi pa zikhalidwe izi.

Pamaso zosafunika kwambiri amakhudza madutsidwe magetsi a semiconductors. Powonjezera iwo amalola kuwonjezeka koopsa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi ufulu ochepa mabowo ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero cha mabowo ndi ochepa ma elekitironi mu mlingo conduction. Wodetsedwa semiconductors - ndi ochititsa kukhala ndi wodetsedwa madutsidwe.

Zosafunika mosavuta amapereka ma elekitironi amatchedwa mwiniwake. zosafunika Wodwala akhoza kukhala zinthu mankhwala ndi ma atomu, ndi milingo valence amene ali ma elekitironi kuposa maatomu zakuthupi m'munsi. Mwachitsanzo phosphorous, ndi bismuth - ndi zosafunika pakachitsulo mwiniwake.

The mphamvu wofunikila kulumpha wa elekitironi ndi m'dera conduction, amatchedwa kutsegula mphamvu. Wodetsedwa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi muyenera zochepa kwambiri za izo kuposa chuma m'munsi. Ndi Kutentha pang'ono kapena kuwala ambiri anamasulidwa ma elekitironi maatomu wa semiconductors wodetsedwa. Ikani anasiya atomu amatenga elekitironi dzenje. Koma elekitironi dzenje recombination sichichitika. mwiniwake dzenje madutsidwe ndi negligible. Ichi ndi chifukwa pang'ono maatomu wodetsedwa musalole ufulu ma elekitironi zambiri pafupi dzenje ndi kuligwira. Ma elekitironi ena mabowo, koma moyo sangathe kuzikwaniritsa chifukwa mlingo mphamvu osakwanira.

A pang'ono zowonjezera mwiniwake wodetsedwa malamulo angapo kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi conduction poyerekeza ndi chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi ufulu mu michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi nacho. Ma elekitironi pano - onyamula waukulu milandu atomiki wa semiconductors wodetsedwa. zinthu izi za semiconductors N-mtundu.

Zosafunika kuti kumumanga ma elekitironi wa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi, ndi kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha tizibowo izo, wotchedwa acceptor. Acceptor zosafunika ndi zinthu mankhwala angapo ang'onoang'ono a ma elekitironi mu mlingo valence kuposa m'munsi mwa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi lapansi. Boron, gallium, indium - acceptor zonyansa pakachitsulo.

Makhalidwe a michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi amadalira ake zopindika galasi dongosolo. Izi zimapangitsa kufunika kukula timibulu choyera kwambiri. Magawo a michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi conduction kulamulidwa ndi Kuwonjezera dopants. timibulu pakachitsulo doped ndi phosphorous (V subgroup mchitidwe) chimene ndi mwiniwake kulenga galasi pakachitsulo N-mtundu. Kwa galasi ndi tsa-mtundu pakachitsulo kutumikiridwa boron acceptor. Semiconductors kulipidwa Fermi mlingo kusuntha mu pakati pa gulu kusiyana analengedwa mu njira iyi.

osakwatiwa-mchitidwe semiconductors

The michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ambiri zoona, pakachitsulo. Pamodzi ndi Germany, iye anali zinachitika wa gulu lalikulu la semiconductors kuti ndi nyumba ofanana krustalo.

Kapangidwe galasi Si ndipo Ge ndi mofanana diamondi ndi α-lata. Iwo anazungulira lililonse atomu 4 maatomu yapafupi yomwe kupanga tetrahedron. kugwirizana amenewa amatchedwa kanayi. Timibulu tetradricheskoy chomangira zitsulo m'munsi kwa makampani zamagetsi ndipo amathandiza kwambiri kuti zipangizo zamakono. Ena mwa zinthu V ndi VI wa nthawi gulu tebulo alinso semiconductors. Zitsanzo za mtundu wa semiconductors - phosphorous (P), sulfure (S), selenium (Se) ndi tellurium (Te). semiconductors zimenezi zingakhale maatomu patatu (P), disubstituted (S, Se, Te) kapena kugwirizana zinayi khola. Chifukwa cha zinthu ngati chingakhale nyumba yosiyanasiyana crystalline ndi kukhala okonzeka mu mawonekedwe a galasi. Mwachitsanzo, Se chakula nyumba monoclinic ndi trigonal galasi kapena zenera (zomwe kuonedwa monga polima a).

- Daimondi ali kwambiri matenthedwe madutsidwe, chabwino katundu makina ndi kuwala, mkulu mawotchi mphamvu. M'lifupi kusiyana mphamvu - De = 5,47 EV.

- pakachitsulo - michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ntchito maselo dzuwa, ndi mawonekedwe amorphous, - mu woonda-filimu maselo dzuwa. Ndi kwambiri ntchito mu michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi maselo dzuwa, zosavuta kupanga, ali wabwino katundu magetsi ndi makina. De = 1,12 EV.

- germanium - michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ntchito Popanga madzi a gamma-ray kafukufuku wazamawalidwe, mkulu ntchito maselo dzuwa. Ntchito diodes woyamba ndi transistors. Pamafunika zochepa kuyeretsa kuposa pakachitsulo. De = 0,67 EV.

- Selenium - ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi, amene ntchito rectifiers selenium ndi mkulu cheza kukana ndi kuchiritsa yokha.

mankhwala ziwiri amafotokozera

Katundu wa Semiconductors anapanga zinthu 3 ndi 4 a magulu nthawi tebulo amafanana ndi katundu wa mankhwala 4 magulu. The kusintha kwa magulu 4 zinthu kuti mankhwala 3-4 GR. Izo zimapangitsa kulankhulana mwina chifukwa amaayoni ma elekitironi mlandu zoyendera ku atomu kuti atomu 3 Gulu 4 Group. Ionicity chimasintha katundu wa semiconductors. Izo zimayambitsa kuwonjezeka mu Coulomb mphamvu ndi ion-ion mogwirizana mphamvu kusiyana dongosolo elekitironi gulu. CHITSANZO bayinare mankhwala a mtundu uwu - indium antimonide, InSb, gallium arsenide GaAs, gallium antimonide GaSb, indium phosphide InP, zotayidwa antimonide AlSb, gallium phosphide kusiyana.

Ionicity ukuwonjezeka ndi phindu lake Chimakula magulu zambiri mankhwala 2-6 mankhwala, monga cadmium selenide, nthaka sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, nthaka selenide. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ambiri mankhwala magulu 2-6 choletsedwa gulu onse kuposa 1 EV, kupatula mankhwala mankhwala enaake. Mercury Telluride - wopanda mphamvu kusiyana michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi, theka-zitsulo, ngati α-lata.

Semiconductors magulu 2-6 ndi akuluakulu mphamvu kusiyana anapezazo ntchito yopanga lasers kusonyezedwa. magulu bayinare 6 2- pawiri ndi mwapang'ono kusiyana mphamvu oyenera amalandira infuraredi. mankhwala bayinare a zinthu za magulu 1-7 (cuprous bromide CuBr, AgI siliva iodide, mkuwa mankhwala enaake CuCl) chifukwa ionicity apamwamba onse bandgap W EV. Sikuti semiconductors, ndi insulators. Crystal kukula lokhazikika mphamvu chifukwa Coulomb mogwirizana interionic facilitates structuring maatomu mchere ndi dongosolo chimodzi, mmalo mwa quadratic ntchito. Mankhwala 4-6 magulu - sulfide, telluride patsogolo, tini sulfide - monga semiconductors. Ionicity zinthu izi zimalimbikitsanso mapangidwe chofutukuka pasanu ndi kamodzi kugwirizana. Kwambiri ionicity osati akuletsa pamaso ali ndi yopapatiza mipata gulu, iwo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulandira cheza infuraredi. Gallium nitride - m'magulu pawiri 3-5 ndi lonse kusiyana mphamvu, kupeza ntchito mu lasers michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi kuwala emitting diodes kugwira ntchito mu gawo buluu a sipekitiramu wa.

- GaAs, gallium arsenide - pa kufunika pambuyo wachiwiri pakachitsulo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ambiri ntchito monga gawo lapansi kwa ochititsa Mwachitsanzo, GaInNAs ndi InGaAs, mu setodiodah infuraredi, transistors mkulu pafupipafupi ndi ICs, kwambiri kothandiza maselo dzuwa, diodes laser, zoyesera mankhwala nyukiliya. De = 1,43 EV, amene bwino zipangizo mphamvu poyerekeza ndi pakachitsulo. Chimaona, muli zosafunika kovuta kupanga.

- ZnS, nthaka sulfide - nthaka mchere wa sulphide wa hydrogen ndi mabacteria ngoletsedwa gulu ndi 3,54 3,91 EV, ntchito lasers ndipo phosphor a.

- SnS, tini sulfide - michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ntchito photoresistors ndi photodiodes, De = 1,3 ndi 10 EV.

oxides

The oxides zitsulo makamaka ndi insulators kwambiri, koma pali kuchotserapo. Zitsanzo za mtundu wa semiconductors - faifi tambala oxide okusayidi mkuwa, okusayidi cobalt, woipa mkuwa, chitsulo okusayidi, okusayidi europium, nthaka okusayidi. Popeza mkuwa woipa alipo ngati cuprite mchere, katundu wake anaphunzira intensively. Ndondomeko kulima mtundu wa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi mpemphero kwathunthu, kotero ntchito yawo akadali zochepa. Zosiyana ndi okusayidi nthaka (ZnO), magulu pawiri 2-6, ntchito monga transducer ndi kupanga matepi zomatira ndi plasters.

zinthu zinasintha kwambiri pambuyo superconductivity anapeza mu mankhwala ambiri a mkuwa ndi oxygen. Woyamba mkulu kutentha superconductor kutsegula Bednorz ndi Müller, anali pawiri michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi zochokera La ₂ CuO _4, mphamvu mpata wa 2 EV. M'malo divalent trivalent lanthanum, barium kapena strontium, anadzetsa pa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi mlandu zonyamulira mabowo. Kukwaniritsa zofunika dzenje ndende zimapangitsa La ₂ CuO ₄ superconductor. Panthawi imeneyi, kutentha apamwamba kusintha kwa boma superconducting uli amakulitsa HgBaCa ₂ Cu ₃ O _8. Pa kuthamanga, phindu lake ndi 134 K.

ZnO, okusayidi nthaka varistor ntchito, buluu kuwala emitting diodes, zimatulutsa mpweya masensa zamoyo zokutira mawindo kuonetsa kuwala infuraredi, monga wochititsa m'zinthu LCD ndi mabatire dzuwa. De = 3,37 EV.

timibulu magawo

mankhwala kawiri monga diiodide kutsogolera gallium selenide ndi molybdenum disulphide amasiyana magawo dongosolo krustalo. zigawo ndi covalent nsinga za mphamvu ndithu, wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa Van der Waals ubwenzi zigawo okha. Semiconductors mtundu wotere ali chidwi chifukwa ma elekitironi zinthu zigawo za quasi-awiri ooneka enieni. Mogwirizana kwa zigawo limasintha mwa kuyambitsa maatomu kunja - intercalation.

Mos _2, molybdenum disulfide ntchito zoyesera mkulu pafupipafupi, rectifiers, memristor, transistors. De = 1,23 ndi 1.8 EV.

semiconductors organic

Zitsanzo za semiconductors pa maziko a mankhwala organic - naphthalene, polyacetylene (CH _{2) N,} anthracene, polydiacetylene, ftalotsianidy, polyvinylcarbazole. semiconductors Organic ndi mwayi pa sanali organic: ndi wosavuta kuti atipatse khalidwe ankafuna. Zinthu m'ndende conjugate kupanga -C = C-C = adzalandira yokulirapo kuwala sanali linearity ndipo chifukwa ichi, mu optoelectronics ntchito. Komanso, mphamvu gulu kusiyana organic michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi pawiri wa njira zosiyanasiyana kusintha kuti zosavuta kuposa semiconductors ochiritsira. Tinthu allotropes wa fullerenes mpweya, graphene, nanotubes - komanso semiconductors.

- Fullerene ali ndi kapangidwe mu mawonekedwe a chatsekedwa otukukira kunja polyhedron ugleoroda chiwerengero cha maatomu. A doping fullerene C ₆₀ ndi zitsulo soda amasintha mu superconductor a.

- graphite mpweya monoatomic wosanjikiza aumbike, chikugwirizana mu ziwiri ooneka enieni hexagonal latisi. Lembani ali madutsidwe ndi elekitironi zoyendayenda, mkulu chinthu chimodzimodzi

- Nanotubes ndi adagulung'undisa mu mbale chubu graphite ndi awiri a nanometers angapo. Izi mitundu ya mpweya ndi lonjezo lalikulu mu nanoelectronics. Malinga lumikiza mwina zachitsulo kapena michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi khalidwe.

semiconductors maginito

Mankhwala ndi ayoni maginito ya europium ndi manganese ndi chidwi maginito ndi semiconducting katundu. Zitsanzo za mtundu wa semiconductors - europium sulfide, selenide europium ndi njira olimba, monga Cd _1-× MN _× Te. Okhutira wa ayoni maginito zimakhudza zinthu zonse kuonetsa katundu maginito monga ferromagnetism ndi antiferromagnetism. Semimagnetic semiconductors - ndi zovuta maginito semiconductors zothetsera amene ali ayoni maginito mu ndende otsika. Chotero njira olimba tcheru anthu chiyembekezo chanu ndi kuthekera kwakukulu ntchito zotheka. Mwachitsanzo, mosiyana ndi semiconductors sanali maginito, iwo akhoza kufika nthawi miliyoni zikuluzikulu Faraday kasinthasintha.

Amphamvu zotsatira magnetooptical wa semiconductors maginito kulola ntchito zawo kuti kusinthasintha mawu kuwala. Perovskites, ngati MN _0,7 Ca _0,3 O _3, katundu wake ali opambana zitsulo-michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi kusintha, omwe mwachindunji kudalira zotsatira maginito mu chodabwitsa cha chimphona magneto-resistivity. Iwo ntchito pa wailesi, zipangizo kuwala, amene amalamulidwa ndi maginito, ndi zipangizo mayikirowevu waveguide.

michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ferroelectrics

timibulu mtundu uwu khalidwe ndi kukhalapo mu mphindi awo magetsi ndi zochitika za kugawanika lachibadwa. Mwachitsanzo, katundu amenewa ndi semiconductors kutsogolera titanate PbTiO _3, barium titanate BaTiO _3, germanium telluride, GeTe, tini telluride SnTe, imene pa otsika kutentha ndi katundu ferroelectric. zinthuzi ntchito osalunjika kuwala, zimatulutsa piezoelectric ndi zipangizo kukumbukira.

A zosiyanasiyana zipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi

Kuwonjezera zipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi tatchulazi, pali ena ambiri omwe musalekane pansi pa mitundu. Mankhwala a chilinganizo 1-3-5 zinthu ₂ (AgGaS ₂₎ ndipo 2-4-5 ₂ (ZnSiP ₂₎ kupanga dongosolo chalcopyrite krustalo. Lumikizanani tetrahedral mankhwala analogous semiconductors 3-5 ndi magulu 2-6 ndi nthaka dongosolo blende krustalo. Mankhwala zomwe ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi zinthu 5 ndi magulu 6 (ofanana Monga ₂ Se _3), - pa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi mu mawonekedwe a galasi kapena galasi. Chalcogenides wa bismuth ndi antimony ntchito magudumu michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi thermoelectric. The katundu wa mtundu uwu wa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi zosangalatsa kwambiri, koma osati zinatchuka chifukwa ntchito yochepa. Komabe, popeza kuti iwo kulibe, akutsimikiza pamaso pa zisanathe ankafufuza munda wa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi sayansi.