Zifukwa clotting NEP. NEP: kwenikweni zotsutsana, zotsatira

Akukhulupirira kuti March 21, 1921 dziko lathu kwapita kwa mtundu watsopano ubale chofunika chuma: lero zinasaina lamulo inalamula kuleka kupita zosonkhanitsira zotsala msonkho chakudya. Ndicho chimene chinayambitsa NEP.

The Bolsheviks anazindikira kufunika kugwirizana zachuma monga njira ya nkhondo chikominisi ndi mantha anapereka zotsatira zina zoipa mwa mawu a kulimbitsa zochitika Odzipatula kunja kwa mzinda wa dziko la achinyamata, osati kumeneko.

Ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano chuma cha Bolsheviks anali kuthamangitsa angapo zolinga chuma ndi ndale:

• Chotsani mavuto mudziko lonse, kulimbitsa ulamuliro wa boma wamng'ono Soviet.
• Bwezerani chuma cha dziko, inawonongedwa chifukwa cha World Choyamba ndi Civil nkhondo.
• Kuyala maziko wogwira mtima mapulani a chuma.
• Pomaliza, n'kofunika kwambiri kutsimikizira "kutukuka" dziko kugwirizana ndi zoti boma latsopano, kuyambira Soviet Union anali kudzipatula amphamvu padziko lonse.

Today tikambirana mmene akamanena za latsopano Soviet mfundo za boma, ndipo kambiranani waukulu zimayambitsa coagulation wa NEP. Nkhani imeneyi ndi chidwi kwambiri, chifukwa zaka zingapo za mfundo yatsopano zachuma anali kwakukulukulu anatsimikiza ndi maonekedwe a dongosolo ndale ndiponso zachuma a dziko kwa zaka kubwera. Komabe, kutali ngati mmene mukufuna ndiAmene ndipo anayambitsa zodabwitsazi.

Akamanena za chodabwitsa ndi

Monga zimachitikira mu dziko lathu, ndi NEP polima mwachangu, fulumira ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo anali zoopsa ndondomeko bwino ntchito, panalibe munthu ayi. Kudziwa zabwino ndi kukhazikitsa yoyenera mfundo yatsopano anatengedwera pafupi mwa uthunthu wake. Ndipo n'zosadabwitsa kuti alibe ndalama kuyeserera kangapo. Umu ndi chuma "ufulu" kwa gawo lathu lamtseri: mndandanda ndi kukodzedwa, mukanthawi yomweyo mwapang'ono.

Mfundo yaikulu ya malamulo NEP chinali chifukwa chakuti, pokhalabe mphamvu zake mu ndondomeko Bolshevik ndi makonzedwe a gawo zachuma analandira ufulu, kulola mapangidwe ubale msika. Ndipotu mfundo yatsopano ikhoza kuonedwa monga mawonekedwe a ulamuliro authoritarian. Monga ife kale, mfundo m'gulu osiyanasiyana mochulukira ambiri amene poyera anatsutsana wina ndi mnzake (zifukwa izi kale tatchulazi).

mbali pandale

Monga mbali ya ndale za nkhani ya NEP anali tingachipeze powerenga Bolshevik autocracy imene onse dissent mderali mwamphamvu kuletsedwa. Mulimonsemo, zolakwika ku "malo mzere" chipani ayi ndendende olandiridwa. Komabe, mu gawo zachuma, kani chodabwitsa maphatikizidwe wa zinthu za njira kayendetsedwe ndi mwangwiro msika wa ulimi:

• States kusunga kulamulira mitsinje yonse zoyendera mafakitale lalikulu ndi sing'anga.
• Mu payekha gawo panali ufulu. Motero, nzika akhoza kubwereka malo, ganyu antchito.
• Chakuti chitukuko cha bizinesi payekha kumabungwe ena chuma. Pa nthawi yomweyo mwalamulo imathetsa njira zambiri kuti bizinesi lenilenilo, limene amapanga ntchito lonse phindu mu njira zambiri.
• Timatha inu kubwereka mabizinezi boma akumeneko.
• Trade wakhala ndi ufulu. Ikufotokoza zotsatira ndi zabwino NEP lapansi.
• Pa nthawi yomweyo, pakati m'tawuni ndi akumidzi kuti kumapangitsanso zotsutsana, zotsatira amene adakali kuoneka: madera mafakitale anapatsidwa zida ndi zipangizo zimene anthu anali kupereka "moyo" ndalama, pamene mu mzinda kwaulere anatenga chakudya requisitioned chifukwa cha msonkho mu mtundu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zimenezi zinachititsa ukapolo pafupifupi osauka a.
• Makampani, panali zochepa mtengo mlandu.
• kusintha Financial zinachitikadi, amene amasintha chuma.
• kasamalidwe ka chuma anali achitsulo decentralized linachokera ku mphamvu ya boma.
• Panali chidutswa malipiro.
• Ngakhale boma musataye m'manja mwa privateers malonda, kupanga zinthu mderali bwino kwambiri kwambiri.

Ngakhale takambiranazi, muzichotsa maganizo zimene zimayambitsa coagulation wa NEP kwakukulukulu adagona mu chiyambi chake. Za iwo Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane.

zoyesayesa Osiyana kuti asinthe

Koposa zonse, ndi Bolsheviks anapanga analoleza kuti alimi, cooperatives (pa chiyambi cha Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo alimi ang'onoang'ono kuonetsetsa kukhazikitsa zogula anthu), komanso industrialists yaing'ono. Koma apa tiyenera anamvetsetsa kuti maonekedwe a NEP, amene anakhala ndi pakati ndipo mulandira chifukwa, ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi mzake.

M'chaka cha 1920 boma la anazindikira kuti pakati pa tauni dziko ndi zovuta bungwe kuwombola mwachindunji katundu, kungoyang'ana kupatsana zipangizo ndi mankhwala ena mafakitale chakudya ndi mankhwala ena a m'mudzimo. Kunena mwachidule, NEP mu Russia unali pathupi mtundu wina wa msonkho mu mtundu, umene alimi kuti aziloledwa kugulitsa chawo chambirimbiri otsala.

Choncho akuluakulu ankafuna kulimbikitsa alimi kuonjezera kakwamba. Komabe, ngati ife tione masiku amenewa mu mbiri Russian, zimaonekeratu kuti wolephera wa mfundo imeneyi. Anthu nthawi kuti ankakonda zinabweretsa zochepa ngati n'kotheka, wosafuna kudyetsa horde wa anthu a m'tauni popanda kupeza andichitire zomwezo. Kutsimikizira wamba anakwiya analephera: kale zinadziwika kwambiri ndi kutha kwa chaka, palibe kuwonjezeka mu mbewu aakulu yokolola sayembezereka. Kwa NEP anapitiriza, tinkafunika ena kuchita zinthu.

mavuto chakudya

Chifukwa cha chisanu kunali njala yoopsa kusesa madera mumakhala anthu osachepera 30 miliyoni. Anafa ndi njala pafupifupi mamiliyoni 5.5. Dziko anaonekera ana amasiye oposa mamiliyoni awiri. Kuti malo mafakitale mkate, chikufunika osati mapaundi osachepera 400 miliyoni, ndipo ambiri chabe kulibe.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira nkhanza ndi kale "anatenga" osauka anapeza kusonkhanitsa miliyoni 280 okha. Monga mukuonera, zinthu zofanana kwambiri awiri kwathunthu zosiyana poyamba Mwachidule Njira: NEP ndi nkhondo chikominisi. Yerekezerani limasonyeza kuti nthawi zonsezi alimi akumidzi zambiri anakakamizidwa kupereka kanthu mbewu lonse.

Ngakhale mbali ambiri odzipereka a chikominisi asilikali anazindikira kuti kufuna zina fleecing m'mudzimo kuti chilichonse zabwino sizidzabwera zotsatira. mavuto Social wauka kwambiri. Pofika chilimwe cha 1921 zinadziwika kwambiri kuti mukusowa kuwonjezeka lenileni la ufulu chuma cha anthu. Choncho, malamulo a nkhondo chikominisi ndi NEP (poyamba) mochuluka kwambiri zogwirizana kuposa ambiri ankaganizira.

Inde Malangizo

Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka chimenechi, pamene magawo atatu a dziko anali pafupi njala, ndi Bolsheviks anapita ku ntchito kwambiri choyamba: potsiriza malonda akale kale msika chinathetsedwa. Mu August 1921, lamulo linaperekedwa pa maziko amene anali ntchito chuma cha NEP:

• Monga tidanena, izo anayamba kasamalidwe decentralized a mafakitale. Choncho, chiwerengero cha matabwa chapakati anachepetsedwa kwa makumi asanu ndi 16.
• Mabizinesi anapatsidwa ena ufulu m'dera la kudziletsa malonda.
• Osati anausiya ogwira anali kutsekedwa.
• Pa mafakitale zonse zaboma potsiriza weniweni zolimbikitsa ndalama ogwira ntchito polima.
• Atsogoleri a boma Bolshevik kuvomereza kuti NEP mu USSR akhale kwenikweni capitalist, adzasintha dziko nkhani zachuma a dziko kupyolera imayenera chofunika ndalama, osati zolowa chilengedwe cha ndalama.

Kuonetsetsa yokonza yoyenera ubale chofunika ndalama, ndi Bank State, maofesi lotseguka kwa nkhani ya ngongole ndi kulandira ndalama unakhazikitsidwa mu 1921, ndipo anayambitsa amalipiritsa kuvomerezedwa ntchito zoyendera anthu, mtchalitchi ndi wanthambo. Zakhala utabwezeretsedwa kwathunthu dongosolo msonkho. Kulimbikitsa ndi kudzaza ndalama boma, unamenya ambiri a zinthu zodula.

Onse zina kusintha ndalama anali umalimbana mosamalitsa wolimbikitsa ndalama dziko. Choncho, amasulidwe ndalama zapadera, Union zidutswa golide unayambitsidwa mu 1922. Ndipotu, anali ofanana (kuphatikizapo zili golide) m'malo khumi lachifumu. Izi muyeso ndi amadza zabwino kwambiri pa kudalira ruble, amene posachedwa wabweza kuzindikira kunja.

¼ ya yatsopanoyi chinaperekedwa ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ena ndalama zakunja. The ¾ otsala anaonetsetsa mwa zolemba promissory, komanso mankhwala ena apamwamba akumufuna. Tikumbukenso kuti boma koletsedwa kuzimitsa ndalama golide tingati ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti. Iwo anafuna pongofuna chakudya cha Bank State ntchito kwa ena wotuluka kuwombola yachilendo.

Zotsutsana za NEP

Tiyenera kuzindikira chinthu chimodzi losavuta: (!), Boma latsopano sanayambe cholinga kumanga ena boma msika ndi umwini zonse paokha. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi mawu otchuka a Lenin: "Palibe nthawi zambiri ife sakuzindikira ...". Nthawi zonse anafuna kwa anzake mwamphamvu kulamulira njira zachuma, kotero kuti NEP mu USSR anali kwenikweni konse palokha chodabwitsa zachuma. Ndi chifukwa cha chotheka boma komanso chipani kuthamanga ndondomeko yatsopano sanapereke theka monga zotsatira zabwino zimene tikhoza kuyembekezera ayi.

Ambiri, NEP ndi nkhondo chikominisi, fanizo limeneli amaitchulatchula ndi ena olemba mu chinthu chikondi mbali ya malamulo atsopano, zinali zofanana kwambiri, ziribe kanthu momwe zachilendo zingaoneke. Kumene, iwo anali makamaka ofanana koyamba analamula nthawi ya kukonzanso chuma, koma ndiye kufanana unkagwiritsidwa popanda movutikira kwambiri.

mavuto

Pofika mu 1922, Lenin ananena kuti zokambirana kuti capitalists ndi kukhala kwathunthu anasiya, kuti NEP zapita. Zenizeni wasintha zolinga izi. Kale mu 1925, pazipita analola chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito m'mafamu wakhala kuchuluka kwa zana anthu (poyamba - osapitirira 20). Kulak anali mtchatho cooperatives, nzika akhoza kusiya ziwembu zawo renti kwa zaka 12. Ziletsozi pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe ngongole, komanso kwathunthu kuthetsedwa mwa minda limodzi (mabala) anali zimafika.

Koma kale mu 1926 ndi Bolsheviks anatenga Inde pa ndale, cholinga umene unali curtailment wa NEP lapansi. Ambiri mwa njira zimene anthu analandira chaka chapitacho, anali kwathunthu anathetsa. Zikuphedwa kachiwiri muli makofi wake, kotero kuti kupanga yaing'ono anali pafupi kwathunthu m'manda. Kuvutitsa mabwana ntchito payekha anakula likunena onse mumzinda ndi m'midzi. Ambiri mwa zotsatira za NEP anali pafupifupi lisachitike chifukwa chakuti utsogoleri wa dziko alibe zinachitikira zokwanira ndi unanimity nkhani ya kusintha ndale ndiponso zachuma.

curtailment wa NEP

Ngakhale miyezo anatengedwa zotsutsana mu dera ndi zachuma anakhala yaikulu kwambiri. Tinayenera nkuganiza chochita lotsatira: akupitirizabe kuchita zinthu njira mwangwiro zachuma kapena kubala clotting NEP ndi kubwerera ku njira ya nkhondo chikominisi.

Monga ife tikudziwa kale, ife anagonjetsa mbali ya njira ya chiwiri imene ankapita ndi I. V. Stalin. Pofuna n'chongoletsa zotsatira za tirigu mavuto chopereka mu 1927, wakhala zingapo zoyezera utsogoleri: udindo kachiwiri kwambiri kumatheka pa kayendetsedwe ka likulu la nchito zachuma, pafupifupi anathetsa ufulu mwa makampani onse katundu chopangidwa anali kwambiri kuchuluka mitengo. Komanso boma anayamba ukuwonjezeka msonkho, anthu wamba onse, amene sanafune kuti titenge mkate wa anaweruzidwa. Pamene kumangidwa anapangidwa kulandidwa wathunthu katundu ndi ziweto.

eni cannibalization

Motero, ndi yekhayo m'dera Volga amangidwa alimi oposa 33 zikwi. Archives amasonyeza kuti pafupifupi theka la iwo anataya malo onse. Pafupifupi onse makina ulimi, umene unali ndi nthawi kuti anapeza ena minda lalikulu mowakakamiza kuchotsedwa mokomera minda losonkhanitsidwa.

Kuphunzira masiku amenewa mu mbiri Russian, mukhoza kuona kuti zaka kwathunthu anasiya tikukongoza mabizinezi ang'onoang'ono, zomwe zachititsa kuti zotsatira zoipa kwambiri mu gawo zachuma. zochitika izi inachitika kudutsa dziko, nthawizina kufika kufika absurdity. Mu 1928-1929 gg. kufamuwa anayamba phasing kunja, kugulitsidwa kwa ng'ombe, zipangizo ndi makina. Nkhonya ya kufamuwa zolinga zandale, kusonyeza kulephera kwa khalidwe ananena za chuma payekha, Zimalepheretsa maziko a magulu lapansi mu gawo agrarian a dziko.

anapezazo

Choncho, kodi zifukwa za curtailment wa NEP? Izi anali ntchito ndi zotsutsana kwambiri mkati mwa utsogoleri wa achinyamata dziko, amene yekha analumikiza ndi zoyesayesa mwachizolowezi, koma njira yabwino Zimachititsa kwambiri kutukula wa USSR. Potsilizira pake izo sizinathandize ngakhale lolimbikitsa kwakukulu mwa mavuto utsogoleri pa amalonda payekha, amene munthawiyo chinali sanaone chiyembekezo chapadera mu chitukuko cha ulimi yake.

Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti NEP wakhala si miyezi ingapo: mu ulimi izi zinachitika pamapeto a 20s, ndi makampani sanachoke ntchito za nthawi yomweyi, pamene malonda zinatha mpaka 30s oyambirira. Pomaliza, mu 1929, izo anatengera kusamvana pa ulendo wa chitukuko zokomera wa dziko, amene anatsimikiza atakalamba nthawi ya NEP.

Zimayambitsa waukulu coagulation wa NEP kwagona kuti utsogoleri Soviet, pofuna mwamsanga kumanga chitsanzo latsopano dongosolo chikhalidwe, anapereka dziko wazunguliridwa ndi mayiko capitalist, adakakamizidwa kuti amachita okhwima kwambiri ndi osatchuka kwambiri njira.