Woyamba anali ndani dziko Chess ngwazi? World Chess akatswiri pakati pa anthu

Ngakhale mu Egypt anasangalala Chess, umboni ndi zojambula pakhoma la nthawi. Kale kwambiri, Games Olympic inachitika ndi thupi zosiyanasiyana, choncho n'zosatheka kuti tsopano amene anali woyamba dziko Chess ngwazi pa nthawi. Mozama kuwunika zikuchitika m'dera limeneli linayamba kuyambira Zapakati, pamene iwo anayamba kufalitsa buku loyamba udindo Chess ndi luso la masewera, nakhala mpikisano zambiri mwadongosolo.

Background kupikisana kwambiri Chess

Kale mu Ages Middle panali zokhudza sayansi kusonyeza mozama kusanthula masewera. N'zotheka kuti olemba mabuku awa ayenera kutuluka opambana mu thupi lonse. Choncho anataya pafupifupi lanthano anaona ntchito Frantsiska Visenta, linatuluka mu 1495 ku Valencia. Koma zilipo ntchito Damiano, lofalitsidwa mu Roma mu 1512, Auerbach ndinanena plagiarize buku Vicente.

Wina wolemba odziwika anali Luis Ramirez de A Lucena, amene anafalitsa buku lake mu 1497 mu Salamanca. Kuti candidacy ake ambiri amaona yoyenera kwambiri tikaonetsetsa amene anali woyamba dziko Chess ngwazi.

Thupi ndi machesi wa 16. - m'ma 19 m'zaka

Odalirika zopelekedwa umboni wa zochitika kwambiri zokhudza mpikisano ku Roma 1560 ndi pamene wopambana anabwera Ruy Lopez de A Segura amene anagonjetsa wamphamvu Chess osewera a nthawi. The Madrid Mayiko Chess Congress unachitikira mu 1575, anapitirira pa bwalo la Mfumu Philip II. Apa kumenya Giovanni Leonardo Da Cutro ku Italy.

Best yabwino kuchokera 1619 ankaona Dzhoakino Greko. player Izi wayenda mayiko osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo France, Italy, England, Spain ndi America, athana ndi osewera onse amphamvu.

M'zaka za m'ma 18 wotchuka Chess akatswiri monga Kermyur malamulo ndiponso Andre Philidor Frantsua Danikan. Woyamba kwambiri losaiwalika chipani ndi Saint Bris, kumene ankachitika ndi mphasa wapadera (mphasa ndi malamulo anaitana) mu masewera popanda bwato. Philidor unyamata wake anapereka njira ndi malamulo, koma 1747 pambuyo London machesi ndi Philip Stamm anali abwino player.

An machesi chidwi Lui Sharlya Mahé de A Louis-Charles Mahé de A La Bourdonnais ndi A. MacDonnell, umene unachitika mu 1834 ku London. Wopambana Louis-Charles Mahé de A La Bourdonnais, ngakhale machesi ankafunika. Mu chaka chomwecho, komanso mu London, Louis-Charles Mahé de A La Bourdonnais anataya masewera awiri Alexander Mc Donnell. Machesi mu 1843 ku London, kumene Pierre Sharl Furne de A Saint-Amand anayenda Howard Staunton sanali yowala kwambiri. Imeneyi imatengedwa kuchepa. Staunton anatenga kubwezera Saint-Amand pa machesi ku Paris mofanana mu 1843, otsalira kumsasa. Mu 1949, ndime unachitikira ku London pa kugogoda-dongosolo, amene anali woyamba Genri Tomás okhala.

Chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano ya Chess

Latsopano zofunika mu Chess ndi zapakati pa 1851, pamene panali kwambiri Adolf Anderssen, amene anapambana mu London kwa kugogoda-dongosolo. Pa mpikisano umenewu kuchokera m'mayiko onse anaitanidwa okha osewera abwino. Choncho Anderson akhoza amati ndi amene anali woyamba dziko Chess ngwazi.

Anatsatira nyenyezi yowala anakwera Morphy mu 1858. Iye adakwanitsa kupambana machesi Andersen ku Paris. player izi anapambana golide korona ndi siliva korona mu 1859 ku Boston.

Official Chess akatswiri pakati pa anthu

Magwero a mpikisano boma dziko lonse ali amaona mu 1866, pamene ndinazembera zikalata amatchedwa "dziko Championship". Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti musamakangane za amene anali woyamba dziko Chess ngwazi. Kuwonjezera pa analengeza ndendende Vilgelm Steynits, amene anapambana machesi izi Andersen.

Koma kuyambira 1867 mpaka 1883 dziko kupeza katswiri sanali anachita, ngakhale Kolisch maina Vinaver, Neumann ndi Chigorin anapanga mbiri. M'gulu mndandanda wa akatswiri Ioganna Tsukertorta, amene anapambana pa mpikisano wapamwamba ku London mu 1883

Wachiwiri ngwazi Chess anali mu 1894 ku German Emanuel Lasker, amene anapambana pa US Steinitz. Ngakhale wapamwamba-mpikisano 1895 mu Hastings, anasamukira ku malo wachitatu, koma wopambana wa ngwazi mpikisano, Harry Nelson Pillsbury sanali analengeza. Koma Lasker anapambana mu thupi wapamwamba ku St. Petersburg mu 1914 ndipo ku New York mu 1924

Mu 1921 Lasker anataya mutu Cuba Jose Raúl Capablanca. Iye anakhala ngwazi lotsatira, dzina lake Aleksandr Alehin, Capablanca anapambana mu 1927. Machesi mu 1935 anapambana Dutch Mahgilis Euwe, Alekhine anakwanitsa kumenya, koma sindikhala pa ndekha, koma ndi thandizo la grandmasters lotsogoleredwa ndi Lasker. Mu 1937 Alekhine anapezanso mutu, otsala ngwazi undefeated mpaka imfa yake: wosewera mpira Chess pomudyetsanso poizoni mu 1946

Popeza 1948, World Chess Federation (weniweni) walanda gulu la machesi, kumene anatsimikiza ndi Championship dziko. Mu 1948, iye anapambana ndi Mikhail Botvinnik (USSR). Iye m'malo mwa compatriot Vassily Smyslov mu 1957. Mu 1960 anatuluka wopambana Mikhail aakulu (USSR). Mu 1963 Botvinnik kumenya Tigran Petrosian (USSR) anamwalira mu 1969 Borisu Spasskomu. Chigonjetso mu 1972 anapita ku America Bobby Fischer. Ndiye panali Russian Anatoly Karpov mu 1975, ndipo mu 1985 iye anamenya GARRY Kasparov.

Zokwera ndi zotsika kwa zaka zambiri watha

Pakati pa 1992 ndi 2006, ndi nthawi yosokoneza. Mu 1993, Kasparov anakangana ndi weniweni, anadula mutu (ngwazi mu 1992 anayamba kuganizira Fisher), ndipo analenga mgwirizano wake - ndi Professional Chess Association. Mu gulu latsopano, Kasparov anapambana ndi Short nakhala ngwazi mu 1993 malinga PCA ndi weniweni anali woyamba Karpov. Kotero kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma anali akatswiri zamphamvu Chess Kasparov, Karpov, Fisher.

Kenako, mtundu wa weniweni kugogoda-dongosolo anasankhidwa, kumene kunali akatswiri monga Khalifman, Anand, Ponomariov, Kasimdzhanov, Topalov. PCA komanso odukaduka ndi Championship mgwirizano zinadziwika kuti Baibulo tingachipeze powerenga (kugonjetsa ngwazi kulamulira), kumene Kramnik kumenya Kasparov mu 2000. Only mu 2006 anali ndi yogwirizanitsa machesi pakati pa akatswiri a Mabaibulo onse, kumene Kramnik anagonjetsa Topalov kukhala dziko yamphamvu ngwazi.

Mu 2007 anakhala amphamvu Viswanathan Anand. Mu 2013, iye m'malo mwa Magnus Carlsen.

The bwino Chess osewera a dziko

Ngati Chess akatswiri pakati pa anthu kunayamba zaka zambiri, akazi nawo mbali pa mpikisano anathyola posachedwapa. Iwo kuwerenga kuchokera 1927, pamene London anali mwalamulo unachitikira Amayi Championship dziko lonse. Vera Menchik - woyamba dziko Chess ngwazi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti, monga mwana wamkazi wa Czech ndi mkazi English, wobadwa ndi zaka 15, ankakhala Moscow, koma kenako anasamukira ndi makolo ake England. Menchik anatsimikizira mutu wake machesi ambiri ndi thupi, imene ikuchitikira ku mizinda osiyana kuzungulira dziko mu nthawi kuchokera 1927 mpaka 1939, koma mu 1944 anamwalira, nakhalabe ngwazi.

ngwazi wina anali Soviet Chess player Lyudmila Rudenko mu 1950, pamene alikukonzeka dziko Championship machesi. Iwo m'malo ndi compatriot Elizabeth Bykov mu 1953. china Soviet Chess player Olga Rubtsov anapambana mmbuyo mutu mu 1956, koma kachiwiri anasowa ng'ombe mu 1958 ndipo anakhala wopambana mu dziko monga othamanga Soviet, koma ku Georgia: Nona Gaprindashvili mu 1962 ndipo Maya Chiburdanidze 1978

Only mu 1991 anali amphamvu Chinese Se Tszyun, perekani ulamuliro Chihangare Zsuzsa Polgar mu 1996 ndipo kachiwiri anaimirira pamwamba mu 1999. Mu 2001 anakhala ngwazi Zhu Chen la China mu 2004 bwino kuzindikira Antoaneta Stefanova ku Bulgaria , chabwino, ndipo mu 2006 anakhala woyamba Chinese Syuy Yuyhua. Mu 2008, Russian chachititsa kuti apatsidwe udindo wa Alexandra Kosteniuk, amene anakwanitsa 2010 Chinese Kaundula wotchedwa Hou Yifan.

Mu 2012, Chiyukireniya Anna Ushenina kupambana udindo, koma mu 2013 anali kachiwiri bwino Kaundula wotchedwa Hou Yifan.