Ufiti - ndi ... Mitundu ya zamanja. Timatheriyali wowerengeka

Zikamera wa luso imagwera pa chiyambi cha ntchito mafakitale wa munthu. Kuyambira kale, wodziwika zoyamba za ntchito luso.

Lingaliro la zamanja

Ufiti - ntchito mafakitale, zochokera kupanga zinthu mafakitale n'kumatapo ntchito yamanja ndi kugonjetsa isanafike chitukuko cha ulimi makina ndi kusunga pa izo.

Munthu amene wakhala katswiri amapanga zinthu otchedwa mmisiri.

Kodi Folk Timatheriyali

zamanja Folk amatchedwa zinthu, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zipangizo ochiritsira zidutswa ziwembu yosavuta. Folk Timatheriyali zosiyanasiyana ntchito yake yolenga zinthu anapanga ndi manja awo, ndipo nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku zipangizo achilengedwe kapena pafupi ndi iwo (nkhuni, nsalu, zitsulo, etc.). Chochitachi anali opangidwa kuchokera zamanja zoweta zidalengedwa pamene koyenera katundu wa m'nyumba. Mofanana ndi luso, zamanja zayambika malinga ndi chikhalidwe, chipembedzo, ndipo nthawizina - malingaliro andale.

mbiri luso

Ufiti kale za zosayembekezereka. Madera wosazindikira zambiri kuchita malonda zoweta, kupanga zinthu mwala, mafupa, dongo, mitengo, etc. Amamwa luso - ndi kupanga mankhwala zofunika ulimi. M'madera ena, ngakhale lero ntchito imeneyi n'kofunika.

Kenako, anthu anayamba kukhala ndi njira Kukwatiwa wa moyo, panali amisiri. amisiri ambiri ntchito pa malo chuma mafumu, akachisi mchitidwe umenewu ndi slaveholders (Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece ndi mayiko a Mesopotamia). Poyamba mmisiri ntchito nokha, koma popeza anapereka ndalama yaing'ono, mbuye anayamba nawo gululo. anthu amenewa anali kutchedwa artels natenga malangizo a anthu. Ena aluso napita m'mizinda ndi m'midzi, pamene ena amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito mu malo amodzi. Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali pa dongosolo ndawapatsa kuwuka kwa zikamera ndi kukula kwa mizinda malo ntchito Chotsimikizika malonda. Lero m'madera ambiri anasunga maina msewu, akulozera ku malo a ntchito ya Ambuye. Mwachitsanzo, Muumbi - iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi kupanga mankhwala opangidwa ndi dongo, Chikopa - processing chikopa, kupanga katundu wachikopa, kukonza wa nsapato, njerwa - onyamula njerwa.

Mu Middle Ages panali mtundu wa luso akatswiri. M'mizinda, latsopano kalasi chikhalidwe - ichi osema a m'tawuni. The nthambi zikuluzikulu za mzinda luso anali :. opanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi zitsulo, suknodelie, kupanga mankhwala galasi, etc. Urban mfiti wogwidwa maudindo monga mzinda lamanja, luso shopu, ufulu mwini.

Mkubwela kwa mafakitale , mitundu yambiri ya zamanja wataya utsogoleri wake opangira, mafakitare anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makina. Lero, amisiri anasunga m'mafakitale kuti umalimbikitsa zofuna munthu wa makasitomala, ndi kupanga mtengo mankhwala luso (shoemakers, tailors, jewelers, amisiri, ndi anthu ena.).

Mbiri ya zamanja chitukuko Russia

Chiwerengero cha mizinda ya ku Russia kwakukulukulu inkakhala osema. Ambiri a iwo zikugwira kulipira kupanga. Kenako, kuyambira blacksmithing anapanga kuikira. zopangidwa ndi mu ankafuna kwambiri mu Europe. Kupanga zida allocated ambuye kwa kupanga mauta, mfuti, mivi, etc. Zida osema Russian ankatengedwa dongosolo la udzakwaniritsidwa kuposa Turkey, Siriya ndi ku Italy.

Malinga ndi mfundo mbiri, mu 1382 ku Russia panali mfuti. M'zaka 14 kuti anapanga foundry (akuponya mabelu). Ndi kuwukira Mongol kupanga analowa pansi.

Miyala yamtengo wapatali Making anatumikira zosowa za apamwamba. Anasunga mankhwala (mafano, malamba golide, ziwiya za kukhitchini, buku bindings) zikuchitira umboni kuti Luso mkulu wa amisiri zodzikongoletsera m'munda wa chosema, luso kuponyera, kulipira, mitundu ndi mafoni. M'zaka 14 anayamba minting ndalama mu maukulu angapo Russian kuti anapanga malonda ndalama. Pa msika osiyanasiyana makasitomala inaŵerengeredwa chikopa, shoemaking ndi mbiya. Clay zosiyanasiyana mbale, zidole ndi zomangira. Komanso, mu Moscow ndi mizinda ina tinamanga matchalitchi mwala (makamaka mwala woyera) ndi kuyika wotchi nsanja nkhondo.

Ntchito aluso achititsa kuti anawonongera kuchira pambuyo Chitata Mongol nkhondo. zamanja Russian zagwira ntchito yokonza mavuto azachuma mu chilengedwe cha Russian boma centralized.

Popeza 1917, chiwerengero cha amisiri mu Russia waponya zikuchepa, iwo anali ogwirizana cooperatives alimi. Koma tsopano zamanja Russian monga angapo padziko lonse lapansi wotchuka wowerengeka luso ndi zamanja.

losiyanasiyana ndi mitundu lokhudza

Mitundu ya zamanja anapanga ku nkhani yomwe chinthu chapangidwa. Kwa nthawi yaitali anthu kudziwa luso monga:

• Blacksmithing.
• Ukalipentala.
• Kuluka.
• Mbiya.
• Joinery.
• Sangathenso.
• Zodzikongoletsera.
• Kuphika.
• Khungu.

Blacksmithing

Blacksmithing - ndi imodzi mwa maphunziro oyamba amene anatuluka mu Russia. Anthu nthawi zonse ndinkadabwa, kuonera ntchito osula zitsulo. Iwo sakanatha kumvetsa momwe mfiti imvi anachita zinthu zimenezi chodabwitsa zitsulo. mitundu yambiri blacksmiths ankatengedwa pafupifupi mfiti.

Kale smithing chofunika kudziwa wapadera ndi msonkhano mwapadera ndi zambiri zida. Zitsulo smelted ku bog miyala, amene ncho m'chaka ndi kugwa. Old Russian amisiri azitsulo amapangidwa kuti alimi zikwakwa, zolimira, zikwakwa, ndi kwa asilikali - nthungo, malupanga, nkhwangwa ndi mivi. Komanso, nthawi zonse muyenera masamba mu munda nsomba mbedza, makiyi ndi maloko, masingano, etc.

Lero, patsogolo zamakono ali penapake anasintha ndi changwiro smithing, koma zikufunika. Luso kulipira kukongoletsa maofesi, nyumba, nyumba dziko, m'mapaki, minda yamaluwa makamaka mu ankafuna mu kapangidwe malo.

zodzikongoletsera luso

Jeweler ndi luso - wakale kwambiri mu mbiri ya anthu. Lopangidwa ndi golide, siliva ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali kwa nthawi yaitali kale chizindikiro cha mphamvu ndi chuma cha kalasi lolemera. Back mu 10 - 11 zaka jewelers anali wotchuka chifukwa talente awo ku Ulaya. Anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale ndi kukolezera mwaphamphu zodzikongoletsera. Mikanda anapangidwa kuchokera zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kapena magalasi akuda, zochita zosiyanasiyana kuyimitsidwa (zambiri nyama), mphete siliva kachisi amene inaimitsidwa kwa mipango, kapena nsalu mu hairstyle ndi mphete, etc. kolts

M'zaka za m'ma 18 anali heyday a Russian zodzikongoletsera luso. Monga pa nthawi iyi, ntchito ya "golide, siliva," dzina lake "jeweler". M'zaka za m'ma 19 ambuye Russian anaonekera mu kalembedwe awo, kuti lero Russian zodzikongoletsera ndi wapadera. Iwo anayamba kugwira ntchito yake anatchuka kampani Grachev abale, Ovchinnikov ndi Faberge.

Masiku ano, anthu mogwirizana ndi kutukuka kukula koposa akufunika kwambiri zodzikongoletsera.

mbiya

Amadziwika kuti kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 10 mu Russia opangidwa mbiya. Ichi chidachitika ndi dzanja, ndipo ambiri a manja wamkazi. Kuonjezera mphamvu ndipo durability la mankhwala ndi dongo osokonezeka mu zipolopolo ang'onoang'ono, mchenga, khwatsi, lubwe, ndipo nthawizina zomera ndi mbiya shards.

Patapita panali njinga woumba mbiya, amene adziwerenga ntchito ya woumba mbiya. Circle pakhale gulu mkono wanu, kenako mapazi ake. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mbiya anakhala anthu kukwatira.

Industrial-ang'ono mbiya anafikira mu m'ma 18. Mu St. Petersburg ndipo kenako mu Moscow, fakitale ceramic.

Zinthu zopangidwa ndi oumba ano komabe amasirira. Today mbiya - zochitika otchuka m'madera ambiri a Russia, ndi kufunika kwa mankhwala ceramic m'nyumba nthawi zonse kuwonjezeka.