Theophanes the Greek: chithunzi "Our Lady of Don"

Mu 1370 anachokera ku Byzantium ndipo adakhazikika ku Novgorod wojambula zithunzi wotchedwa Theophanes wa zaka makumi atatu. Novgorodians anamutcha dzina lachigriki lachi Greek - zinali zofanana pa malo obadwa, ndipo mau a Chirasha ankasokonezeka nthawi zonse ndi mawu achigriki ndi mawu achigriki. Pamene, mwa kudalitsa, adayamba kujambula Transfiguration Church, yomwe inali pa Ilyin Street, adawonetsera mafano okongola a Zamuyaya kwa maso a Novgorodians kuti ulemerero umene sunathe masiku athu unakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pake.

Wojambula zithunzi kuchokera ku mabanki a Bosphorus

Pafupi moyo wa Theophanes wa Chigriki, wamng'ono amadziwika. Zimadziwika kuti anachoka ku Volkhov kupita ku Volga ku Nizhny Novgorod, kenako ku Kolomna ndi Serpukhov, mpaka pomalizira pake anakakhala ku Moscow. Koma paliponse, kulikonse komwe adayendetsa phazi, adazisiya akachisi opangidwa mozizwitsa, ojambula zithunzi m'matchalitchi ndi zithunzi, zomwe zidakhala chitsanzo chosatheka kwa mibadwo yambiri ya ojambula.

Ngakhale kuti kuyambira nthawi imene anakhalako ndikugwira ntchito Theophanes mu Greek, adadutsa mazana asanu ndi limodzi, mpaka lero ntchito zake zambiri zasungidwa. Ichi ndi chojambula cha mpingo wotchedwa Novgorod wotchedwa Transforming Transfiguration, ndi mipangidwe ya makoma a Kremlin - Arkhangelsk ndi Blagoveshchensk, komanso Mpingo wa Kubadwa kwa Namwaliyo. Koma kuwonjezera pa izi, zithunzi zolembedwa ndi burashi zake zidalowa mu chuma cha luso lachi Russia, chodziwika kwambiri ndi chomwe chiri chithunzi cha Mayi Wopatulika kwambiri wa Mulungu, omwe adatsika m'mbiri monga "Dona Wathu wa Don".

Mphatso kwa Kalonga Dmitry Donskoi

Ponena za mbiri ya kulengedwa kwa ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya mbuyeyo pali chidziwitso chaching'ono chomwe pakati pa akatswiri a mbiri yakale pali maganizo osiyanasiyana pa chaka ndi malo ake. Palinso okayikira omwe amayesa kutsutsa olemba a Theophanes (mwa lingaliro lawo, mmodzi mwa ophunzira ake anajambula nkhope yopatulika). Komabe, kwa nthawi yaitali panali chikhalidwe, zofanana ndi zolemba zakale, komanso pa mwambo wamlomo, malinga ndi momwe Theophanes ndi Chigiriki omwe adalenga mbambandeyi, ndipo adachita mpaka 1380.

Chifukwa chiyani? Yankho likhoza kupezeka mu "Mbiri Yakale ya Mzinda wa Amoni wa Moscow Donskoy," womwe unalembedwa mu 1865 ndi wolemba mbiri wotchuka IE Zabelin. M'masamba ake, wolembayo akunena zolemba zakale zomwe zimatchula momwe nkhondo ya Kulikovo isanayambe, a Cossacks adayankhula kwa Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy chithunzi ichi cha Mariya Mngelo Wodalitsika, momwe Mfumukazi ya Kumwamba inapereka mphamvu ndi kulimba mtima pa kugonjetsedwa kwa mphamvu za Orthodox pakugonjetsedwa kwa adani.

Pafupi ndi malo a Don chithunzi cha amayi a Mulungu pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa Mamai ku munda wa Kulikovo mu 1380, pali zifukwa zambiri. Zowoneka kuti ndizofanana ndi momwe chifaniziro chopatulika cha zaka mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri chimasungidwa ku Assumption Cathedral ya Simonov Monastery, yomwe inanenedwa kuti inalembedwa. Izi siziri mwangozi, chifukwa chithunzicho chili ndi mbali ziwiri, ndipo kumbuyo kwake kwalembedwa zochitika za Assumption ya Amayi a Mulungu mu chisankho chomwe chimagwiridwa ndi Tchalitchi cha Orthodox.

Zizindikiro - wotetezera a Russia

Chotsatira chotsatira cha chithunzicho, chimene Dmitry Donskoy analandira asanamenyane ndi nkhondo ya Kulikovo, akunena za 1552, pamene akupita kukagonjetsa Kazan Khanate, pamaso pa chithunzi ichi, Tsar Ivan the Terrible anapemphera. Atafunsidwa kuchokera ku Heavenly Intercessor Her patronage, anatenga naye ndi chithunzi cholembedwa ndi Theophanes the Greek, ndipo atabwerako, adamuyika ku Kachisi Wamkulu wa Kremlin. Chithunzicho chinatsagana ndi tsar komanso polojekiti yake ya Polotsk mu 1563.

Zidakondweretsa Mfumukazi ya Kumwamba kuti chifaniziro chozizwitsa cha Mbuye Wathu wa Don chinkaonekera pamaso pa a Russia mu nthawi ya mayesero akuluakulu a usilikali, akuwathandiza kukhala olimba mtima ndi madalitso a gulu la Orthodox. Izi zinachitika mu 1591, pamene magulu ambirimbiri a Tatar khan Kazy II Giray anadza kwa Amayi See. Kuyambira kumtunda kwa Vorobyovy Gory iwo ankayang'anitsitsa moyang'anizana ndi likulu la Russia, koma Muscovites kuchokera ku tchalitchi chachikulu adanyamula chidindo cha Don wa Mulungu, Mzinda wa Mzindawu unadutsa, ndipo adayamba kufika povuta.

Tsiku lotsatira, pa August 19, asilikali a Tatar anagonjetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo iye mwiniyo anathawa mopulumuka ndi zidutswa za anthu ake, ndipo anabwerera mozizwitsa ku Crimea. Nthawi yonseyi chizindikiro cha Don cha amayi a Mulungu chinali mu tchalitchi chachimuna, ndipo palibe amene adakayikira kuti ndipembedzero lake lomwe linathandiza kuwatsogolera adani ku dziko la Russia.

Pokumbukira chigonjetso chachikulu mmalo momwe mpingo wachipembedzo unali pa nthawi ya nkhondo, iwo adayambitsa nyumba ya amonke, yomwe inkatchedwa Don Monastery. Kwa nyumba ya amonkeyi, mndandanda unapangidwanso ndi chozizwitsa chomwe chinapatsa dzina lake, ndipo tsiku la chikondwerero chake cha tchalitchi chinakhazikitsidwa pa August 19 (September 1). Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo Namwali wa Don alemekezedwa ngati wotetezera kumwamba wa dziko la Russia kwa onse omwe amabwera kwa iye ndi lupanga.

Mfumu, kulandidwa kwa Nthawi ya Mavuto

Mu 1589, atamwalira ndi Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, mwana wamwamuna wachitatu wa Ivan the Terrible, mzera wa mafumu a Rurik unasanduka ku Russia, ndipo Boris Godunov anakhala mpando wachifumu, ndipo Pulezidenti woyamba wa Moscow ndi All Russia, Job, adamdalitsa chifukwa cha ufumuwu. Komabe, ulamuliro wa Boris sunali wokondwa. Linagwirizana ndi nyengo yovuta kwambiri ya mbiri yakale ya Russia, yotchedwa Time of Troubles.

Pambuyo pa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri mtsogoleri wa dzikoli, atagonjetsedwa ndi maiko akunja ndi mabungwe amtundu wina, tsar anafa mwadzidzidzi mu 1605, osapulumuka mpaka zaka makumi asanu ndi zitatu ndi zitatu. Kachisi wamkulu wa Kremlin anakhala malo opumula kwa mfumu yakufa, kumene nkhope ya Don Icon ya Amayi a Mulungu, akulira maliro ake, analira malire kudziko lakwawo mosadzikonda, ku belu losatha la belu.

Chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Peter I

Zikudziwika kuti kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wa Peter I Russia kunkachita nkhondo ndi Turkey, yomwe idakhala zaka khumi ndi zinayi ndikukhala mbali ya Pan-European Great Turkish War. Anayamba ndi pulogalamu ya asilikali a ku Russia kupita ku Crimea. Anatsogoleredwa ndi mnzake wokhulupirika wa kalonga, Kalonga Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn.

Chizindikiro "Mkazi Wathu wa Don" adatsagana naye panthawi ya nkhondo yonse, yomwe idakhala yovuta kwa Russia ndi kuwononga anthu ambiri omwe anazunzidwa. Koma kupembedzera kwa Namwaliyo, komwe adamuululira kupyolera mu chifanizirocho, adakakhala m'chihema cha mkulu wa asilikali, anathandiza anthu ankhondo, ngakhale atayika kwambiri, koma kubwerera kwawo, atakwaniritsa ntchito yomwe anawapatsa mwazidziwitso. Zaka zapitazo za m'ma 1700 zinachitidwa ndi mfumukazi Natalia Alekseevna m'chipinda cha mlongo wake wa Peter Great, komwe anasonkhanitsa zithunzi zambiri zakale, ndipo kenako anazisamutsira ku Cathedral Cathedral ya Kremlin.

Tsogolo la chithunzichi m'zaka za XVIII ndi XIX.

M'zaka za XVIII ndi XIX century chizindikiro chomwe chinali cholemekezeka kwambiri. Anapemphera ndikulemba mawu otamandika. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, chithunzichi chinali pakati pa zolemba zambiri, zomwe zinawonetsera zochitika zenizeni, zokhudzana ndi zomwe zinapezeka kuchokera ku zolemba zolemba, ndipo zina zinali chipatso cha malingaliro a anthu, omwe ankafuna kufotokoza chikondi chawo ndi chiyamiko kwa Mtetezi wa Kumwamba.

Kukongoletsa chithunzicho sichidalepheretsa njira. Zikudziwika kuti nkhondo yoyamba ya Napoleon isanayambe chithunzichi chinali ndi malipiro olemera ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Mwalawo adabedwa ndi a French, ndipo atathamangitsidwa kwawo kunali kachipangizo kokha ka golidi, komwe othawa anapeza mkuwa.

Zojambula zamatsenga

Zalembedwa pa bolodi zomwe zikuyendera 86x68 masentimita. Kuyankhula za zithunzi za chithunzichi, ziyenera kukumbukira kuti chizindikiro "Don Mother of God" chikutanthauza mtundu wa Mayi Woyera wa Mulungu "Chifundo" chovomerezedwa ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale, choyimira chomwe chiri mgwirizano wa nkhope za Virgin ndi Mwana Wake Wamuyaya. Koma tanthauzo lachipembedzo, lomwe lili mu zithunzi za mtundu uwu, limapita kutali kwambiri ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zikuwonetsa caress ya mayi ndi mwana wake.

Pachifukwa ichi, chiwonetsero chowonetseratu chiphunzitso chachipembedzo chomwe chimatanthauzira ubale wa Mlengi ku chilengedwe Chake chikuyimiridwa. Malemba Opatulika amalankhula za chikondi cha Mulungu chopanda malire kwa anthu, kuti apulumutsidwe ku imfa yosatha Iye adapereka Mwana wake wobadwa yekha.

Chidziwitso chapadera cha chiwerengerochi chinali chophatikizidwa kumbuyo kwa golide komwe tsopano, yomwe Virgin ndi Mwana adasonyezedwa. Nyumba yomanga nyumbayi siidasungidwe, koma mwachisangalalo, nkhope ndi zovala zakhala zikufika bwino masiku athu.

Zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ndi mtundu wa chizindikiro

Njira yowonjezera ya chithunzichi imakhala yeniyeni kwa mafano a derivation (chithunzi chovomerezeka). Namwali Wodala amalumikiza Mwanayo, yemwe wakhala pa chiuno Chake ndikugwiritsitsa pa tsaya Lake. Mwana Wamuyayayu akuwonetsedwa ngati wakwezera dzanja lake lamanja mu chizindikiro cha dalitso, ndipo mu dzanja lake lamanzere akugwira mpukutu.

Chizindikiro cha Theophanes ndi Chigiriki chimasiyana ndi mafano ena a ichi ndi chithunzi cha miyendo ya mtumiki wa Mulungu wamaliseche ndi bondo, atatsamira pa dzanja lamanzere la Namwali. Zingwe zomwe zimaphimba mtundu wake wa mtundu wa ocher - zovala zakunja, zimatsindikitsidwa ndi makina a golide omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kupanga palimodzi ndi mtundu wa nsalu ndi buluu zimapanga mawonekedwe abwino ndi okondwerera. Chiwonetsero chonse chikuphatikizidwa ndi ulusi wa golide, kukokera mpukutuwo.

Zovala za Virgin zimayimilira mofanana komanso nthawi yomweyo ndi kukhudzana ndi anthu olemekezeka. Chipupe chake chapamwamba - maforium - chimapangidwa ndi mazira a chitumbuwa chakuda ndi kukongoletsedwa ndi mphete yagolidi yokongoletsedwa ndi mphonje. Nyenyezi zitatu zagolidi, zomwe nthawizonse zimatumikira ngati zokongoletsera zokongoletsera Zake, zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lenileni. Amaimira umbuli wamuyaya wa Amayi a Mulungu - kale, panthawi ndi pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa Yesu.

Kusiyanitsa kwa mabanki a Byzantine

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti, malinga ndi otsutsa ambiri, Theophanes the Greek (Byzantine pachiyambi) mu ntchito yake inapita kupyola miyambo yakhazikitsidwa ya sukulu ya Constantinople, omwe ambuye awo sanadzilole kuti aphwanye zida zowonongeka poyesera. Chithunzi cha Don cha amayi a Mulungu ndi chitsanzo chabwino.

Pofuna kuti nkhope ya Virgin ikhale yamphamvu komanso yowonetsera, wojambula amavomeretsa malo ena pakamwa ndi maso. Zilibe zofanana, monga muzithunzi za mabwana a Byzantine , koma zimakonzedwa pamodzi ndikutsika nkhwangwa. Kuwonjezera apo, pakamwa pamakhala kanyumba kanyumba kupita kumanja.

Mfundo zosaoneka ngati zazing'ono, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wolemba zenizeni zenizeni, zinali zotsutsana ndi mipingo yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi tchalitchi cha Constantinople, ndipo ku Byzantium sikunali kovomerezeka. Ndipo pali zitsanzo zambiri mu zithunzi ndi frescos zomwe Theophanes the Greek analemba. "Namwali wa Don" ndi amodzi mwa iwo.

Kubwereranso kwa chithunzicho

Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi kumbuyo kwa gululo, lomwe limawonetsera Kuvomerezeka kwa Namwali - chithunzi, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ndi mbali ziwiri. Kujambula apa ndikosungidwa bwino kuposa pa nkhope. N'zoonekeratu kuti ngakhale kulembedwa kochepa kwambiri kolembedwa ndi cinnabar kumawerengedwa bwino. Mwina udindo unasewera kamodzi pa chithunzichi, chobedwa ndi French mu 1812, chikumbutso chomwe chokhacho chagolide chojambula chomwe chakhalapo mpaka lero chimatumikira.

Pamene tikuyang'ana pa chithunzichi, pali kusowa kochititsa chidwi kwazinthu zachikhalidwe cha nkhaniyi. Mbuyeyo sanaphatikizepo mu chikhalidwe chofanana ndi angelo, atumwi, amayi olira, ndi zikhalidwe zina zofanana. Central ndi chifaniziro cha Yesu Khristu atagwira m'manja mwake chifaniziro chaching'ono chophiphiritsa chomwe chikuimira moyo wosafa wa Amayi a Mulungu.

Pambuyo pa chifaniziro cha Khristu, Thupi la Virgin wakufa lidayikidwa pabedi, lozunguliridwa ndi chiwerengero cha atumwi khumi ndi awiri ndi mabishopu awiri omwe analipo, malinga ndi Malembo Opatulika, pa imfa ya Virgin Mary. Makhalidwewa ndi awiri, omwe amasonyeza kuwonetsera komweku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazithunzi zojambulajambula: izi ndizoyikidwa pamphepete mwa chithunzichi ndikutanthauza kuti chochitikachi chikupezeka mkati mwa chipinda, ndipo nyali yomwe imayikidwa pamaso pa bedi la Namwaliyo ndi chizindikiro cha moyo wonyansa.

Zokambirana pozungulira kulembedwa kwa chizindikiro

Ndichizindikiro kuti chowonetsero chomwe chili pambali pa chithunzichi chimachotsa zolakwika kuchokera ku miyambo ya ku Byzantine. Izi zikuwonetsedweratu ndi nkhope za atumwi, popanda zizindikiro za miyambo ya Constantinople, zochitika za akuluakulu. Ofufuza ambiri a ntchito za Theophanes the Greek akugogomezera mu ntchito zawo, iwo ali osiyana kwambiri ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimafala pakati pa anthu wamba.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ntchito za Theophanes ndi Greek ndi miyambo ndi zojambula za Byzantium zinapangitsa akatswiri ambiri amatsenga kukayikira za ntchito zomwe anazilemba. Lingaliro lawo ndi lodziwika bwino, chifukwa m'mabanki a Bosphorus wojambulayo sikuti anabadwa kokha, komanso anapangidwa ngati mbuye wajambula - sitiyenera kuiwala kuti anabwera ku Russia ali ndi zaka makumi atatu.

Mmene amalembera ali pafupi ndi sukulu ya Novgorod kusiyana ndi dziko lake la Byzantine. Zaka zambiri zokambirana pa nkhaniyi zikupitirirabe mpaka pano, komabe, zikulamulidwa ndi lingaliro lakuti, pokhala m'dziko latsopano kwa iye ndi kukhala ndi mwayi wowona zithunzi zambiri zakale zopangidwa ndi ambuye achi Russia, wojambula amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ntchito zawo zikhalidwe zawo.

Makope odziwika kwambiri a chizindikiro

Zikudziwika kuti m'mbiri yakale ya chithunzichi mndandanda wazinthu zinapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo. Zakale kwambiri zazomwezi zafika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1400. Zinapangidwa ndi dongosolo la msuweni Dmitry Donskoy - Prince Vladimir Andreevich, ndipo, wokongoletsedwa ndi malipiro a siliva, anakhala mphatso yake ku Utatu-St Sergius Lavra.

Pa nthawi ya Ivan the Terrible, pomulamula, adatchula mndandanda wa zilembo ziwiri, zomwe zinalembedwa ku Kolomna, zidatayika, ndipo zina, zomwe zinayikidwa ku Assumption Cathedral, zidakalipo mpaka lero. Pamene Mpempherere wa Kumwamba mu 1591 anathandiza Muscovites kuti asamvere nkhondo ya Khan Girey, ndipo pamalo omwe tchalitchi cha boma chinayimilira, adakhazikitsidwa a nyumba ya Don, makamaka kwa iye mndandanda wa zozizwazo. Makope angapo a mtsogolo amadziwidwanso.

Misonkho ya Donskoi: adilesi ndi kayendetsedwe ka zonyamula anthu

Nthaŵi ya Soviet inali siteji yatsopano m'mbiri ya icon ya Don ya amayi a Mulungu. Kuchokera mu 1919 chithunzi ichi chikuphatikizidwa mu kusonkhanitsa kwa Gallery ya Tretyakov. Pano ndi chimodzi mwa ziwonetsero zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za chigawo cha Old Russian kujambula. Kamodzi pachaka, pa tsiku la chikondwerero chake chonse cha tchalitchi, fanolo limaperekedwa ku Monastery ya Donskoy (adiresi: Moscow, Donskaya sq 1-3), kumene utumiki wamulungu umakhala patsogolo pake, kumene zikwi za anthu zimasonkhana. Aliyense amene, pakali pano ku Moscow, akufuna kutenga nawo mbali, akhoza kufika ku nyumba ya amonke, kusiya malo osungirako sitima ya Shabolovskaya.

Sizodziwikiratu kuti fano ili la Theotokos Lopatulikitsa limakonda chikondi chapadera pakati pa anthu a ku Russia. Monga tanenera pamwambapa, m'mbiri yake yonse yakhala ikugwiridwa ndi zida za nkhondo za otetezera a Fatherland, ndipo kudzera mwa iye Mfumukazi ya Kumwamba imamuwonetsera mobwerezabwereza kuthandizira ndi kupembedzera kwa anthu a Orthodox.