The mbiri yakale wa Montenegro

Mu dera la kumadzulo kwa Balkan Peninsula kusamba ndi mafunde a kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa Nyanja Adriatic zimachitika wakale wa Montenegro. mbiri m'dzikoli, mwachidule nkhani ino, ndi unyolo wosatha wa yolimbirana ulamuliro dziko, imene inatha mu 2006, Kuzindikila ufulu wodzilamulira.

Ancient boma Dukla

History of Montenegro, wapitawu ine m'ma BC. e., pang'ono kuphunzira. Koma tikudziwa kuti dera limeneli anali anthu a Illyrians - oimira a gulu lalikulu kwambiri ya anthu m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Ine m'ma BC. e. m'dera anagonjetsedwa ndi Rome, likhale m'manja mwawo, malinga ngati atumwi IV, inagwa pozunzidwa mwankhanza wa akunjawo lapansi.

Patapita nthawi yochepa, imayamba yothetsa zimene tsopano ndi Montenegro Asilavo. Makamaka kwambiri zinali m'zaka VII, koma patatha zaka 300 mu Balkans ndi malo pafupi ndi gombe la Adriatic, anapanga wodziimira Chisilavo boma, lomwe anatenga dzina la Dukla. ulamuliro anthu ake a dziko anayenera zonse otvoovyvat wamagazi ndi si nthawi zonse nkhondo bwino ndi alendo.

Mu ulamuliro wa Byzantine

Pa moyo wa mafuko Asilavo m'gawo la Montenegro ano anasunga zambiri tikaona mbiri ya Byzantine Mfumu Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo (905-959). M'bukuli iye akufotokoza nkhani ya anthu okhala m'derali ndipo anakhazikitsa mzinda wa Skadar, Budva, Kotor ndi Ulcinj. Chikhristu Dukla akale lidatsirizika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma IX, ndipo pano komanso kwa Russia kuchokera Byzantium.

M'zaka za m'ma XI Dukla ndi mbali zonse limodzi ndi dera lake Chisebiya anagwidwa Byzantium, amene anali pamenepo mu nthawi ya chitukuko lake lalikulu, ndi kunyamula lonse atsamunda ndondomeko. History of Montenegro kuyambira nthawi yakale yodzaza ndi zochitika zodabwitsa, koma zaka zimenezi zabweretsa makamaka kwambiri magazi ake, chifukwa pakati pa atasemphana ankhondowo anasamuka ku zigawo lamkati la Serbia kuti kugombe la nyanja ya Adriatic, ndipo nkhondo yaikulu zinachitika.

Udindo wa Prince Stefan Vojislav kukhazikitsa boma

Pa nthawi imeneyo, chidwi kwambiri m'mbiri amene zatenganso mbali mu zochitika za ukulu wa Duklja (tsogolo la Montenegro), anali wolamulira Stefan Vojislav. Mu 1035 iye anatsogolera kugalukira otchuka ndi Byzantines, koma anagonja anagwidwa ndi kutumizidwa ku Constantinople. Komabe, ngakhale onse, Stephen anathawa ku ukapolo, ndiye, kupita kutali mmbuyo Dukla, ndipo kumeneko kumgwira mphamvu manja awo.

Pomaliza, mu 1042 mu nkhondo pafupi ndi tauni ya Bar panali nkhondo imene duklyanskaya Army ndi kulangiza Prince Stefan Vojislav, konse anagonjetsa Byzantines. chochitika kuthetsa ulamuliro achilendo, ndipo anali woyamba wa chilengedwe cha boma palokha Duklyanskogo.

The heyday a boma, anasiyira ndi kutha wake

Atamwalira Stefana Voislava mphamvu anatengera mwana wake Michael, amene anali wokhoza angagwirizanitse m'madera awo boma lalikulu za thupi ili Serbia. Iye anali woyamba Chimontenegirini olamulira anali kupereka mutu wa mfumu, kwapatsidwa kwa iye 1077 ndi Papa Gregory VII.

Zomwe zilipo, timva Nkhani amadziwika kuti utangoyamba ukulu unagawidwa malo osiyana, pa mutu uliwonse umene unapangidwa mkulu, wotchedwa County. Pa nthawi imene boma gulu anasonyeza Mfumu Constantine Bodean (1081-1099), zinafika pachimake ndi kukhala pafupifupi dera lonse la Serbia, kuphatikizapo Bosnia, Raska ndi Zachlumia. Komabe, patapita dziko Inabuka ndi mndandanda wosatha wa nkhondo zapachiweniweni anabweretsa ndi County m'derali ndipo wataya mphamvu zake zakale.

Kugwa kwa boma kamodzi wamphamvu

Kuyambira cha m'ma XI, tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo pang'onopang'ono akuyamba kulowa dzina latsopano akulimba boma Duklyanskogo - Zeta. Malinga ndi akatswiri a zinenero zifuma ku mawu wakale "wokolola" ndi kulingaliranso malangizo zikuluzikulu za ntchito zachuma anthu ake.

Kumayambiriro kwa XI ndi zaka XII, mbiri ya Montenegro kamodzinso kulowa nthawi kuchepa andale ndi azachuma, amene kumatenga m'zaka yotsatira. Pa nthawiyi, kamodzi wamphamvu Zeta wofooka kumlingo kuti unasweka mu maukulu osiyana (zhupy), anabwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa Raska, patangotsala ichi ndi malo Chisebiya, mbali ya boma kale.

Cities kuti akhala mbiri

Ndi zimenezi ukudalira mbiri ya Kotor (Montenegro) - City, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Adriatic, ndipo tsopano ndi dziko lalikulu boma komanso alendo pakati. Mu 1186, pambuyo pa masiku ambiri azingidwa, anagwidwa ndi asilikali a Chisebiya Prince Stefan Nemanja ndipo anagwirizana kuti Raschke. Kwa nthaŵi Nkhani anauzidwa nkhani ya zokometsera wake amunamuna anaphedwa, koma sankafuna n'kutsamira manja awo patsogolo pawo ndi wamkulu kuposa magulu ankhondo.

Pa XIII - XIV atumwi, amene anatsalira kumzinda waukulu pa gombe la Adriatic, chitukuko zachuma wamangidwa pa malonda ndi madera ili chapakati Serbia. Ndiye mlingo kuchoka mbiri ya Budva (Montenegro) - wina waukulu ano achisangalalo pa Adriatic gombe, anayambitsa m'zaka za m'ma IX ndi amatchulidwa mbiri Mfumu Constantine Bogryanorodnogo. Pamodzi ndi mizinda ina awiri - Ulcinj ndi Bar - chakhala malo chachikulu shipbuilding panyanja ya chi.

Ndi malamulo ake omwe - malemba kuti kudziwa kuti moyo wawo, mizinda ufulu wodzilamulira boma ndi zinthu zonse zoperekedwa ndi Assembly - mtundu wa nyumba yamalamulo chomwe oimira magulu osiyanasiyana.

nkhondo agonjetsi

Mu 1371 ufumu Chiserebo-Greek, anayambitsa kamodzi Prince Stefan Nemanja, Zeta ndi kusunga lolamulidwa anagwa mwadzidzidzi, chifukwa boma kuti analipo dziko lomwe tsopano Montenegro, chifukwa nthawi zina kuti ufulu. Komabe, mu mochedwa 80 ntchentche za mudzi, yomwe ili pa Adriatic gombe, analolera Turkey kuwukira, ndipo pambuyo nkhondo zinalephereka mu June 1389 la Kosovo, ambiri a mbali mkati mwa Zetas anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Ottoman.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma lotsatira, mbiri ya Montenegro anatengera ngakhale yochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Ndi agonjetsi Turkey anawonjezera Avenetia, kugwila ena mwa madera ake m'mphepete mwa nyanja kuti anakhalabe mfulu mpaka pamenepo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, Venice ali mbamuikha olamulira Ottoman m'mayiko anagonjetsa, ndi mu 1439 pafupifupi Zeta anatsimikizidwa protectorate ake olamulidwa ndi ambuye ang'onoang'ono wa banja Crnojevic. Nthawi imeneyi boma anadzatchedwa ndi nalo dzina lake panopa Montenegro.

Mu ulamuliro wa Ufumu wa Ottoman

Komabe, Ottoman sanasiyidwe zolinga zake aukali, ndipo posakhalitsa anayamba anayesa latsopano kuukira. Chifukwa, mbiri ya Serbia ndi Montenegro kwa zaka zambiri anapita, iye anati ku Istanbul. Mu 1499, anthu a ku Turkey anagonjetsa pafupifupi buku lonse Chimontenegirini dera kupatula m'mizinda ingapo ali pa gombe la Kotor Bay.

Kale anali kulamulidwa ndi Sultan la Turkey, Montenegro anali lidzasinthidwa ankapoperamo palokha utsogoleri, wotchedwa sanjak. Management anapatsidwa kwa iye mwana wa zakale Prince Ivana Chernoevicha asanduke Islam ndi anatenga dzina la Skender Bey.

anthu onse a boma latsopano msonkho - Filur, malipiro amene anali katundu wolemetsa kwadzaoneni zaka za nkhondo Montenegro. Komabe, mbiri yakale amati ulamuliro Ottoman zokhudza mbiri makamaka m'tauni ya Montenegro, monga m'madera akumidzi akumidzi ndi lamapiri, makamaka Turkey pafupifupi sanali.

Dziko yomenyele ufulu wadziko la Montenegro

Mapeto a XVI ndi XVII m'ma chinali chiyambi cha chiyambi cha ambiri yomenyele ufulu wadziko ulamuliro Turkey. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zinali kunabuka 1604 chiwembu kutsogozedwa ndi abwanamkubwa Grdana. Mu nkhondo pafupi ndi tauni ya Lushkopolya, opandukawo anakwanitsa kugonjetsa asilikali a kazembe Turkey. Kupambana kumeneku linapereka kwa gululi, amene lonse Montenegro anali chinapululutsa zaka kubwera.

Mbiri ya dziko, m'zaka za m'ma XVII-XVIII ndi pachimake nyengo ya dziko nkhondo yomasula dziko, limene kupambana kwa kanthawi ankatsatana ndi zigonjetso, ponena miyoyo ya anthu ambiri a Montenegro. Pa ntchito yolimbana ndi anthu a m'mayiko ambiri anadalira thandizo la Venice, pa gombe Adriatic amene anali malo awo ndi kuganizira Ottoman monga mdani angathe. Pamene 1645 pakati Turkey ndi Venice, nkhondo inayamba, ndi Montenegro anatengerapo mwayi uwu, ndi zipolowe, idutse pansi pa Venetian protectorate, koma izo sizinali zotheka kugwiritsa dongosolo.

palokha

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII dziko yomenyele ufulu wadziko la Montenegro kutsogoleredwa ndi Potr Negosh. Iye anatha kukhala wolankhulira wa lingaliro dziko ndipo anathandiza thandizo la mabanja anthuwo kumasula ambiri m'dzikoli kwa nkhanza Ottoman. m'malo mwake Danilo Njegos anatsogolera anthu masauzande ambiri asilikali, amene anapambana mu 1858 pafupi Grahovets kugonjetsa Turkey, zotsatira za amene anali kuphatikiza malamulo a ulamuliro wa dziko. History of Montenegro kwa mphindi chinayamba pa maziko zosiyana.

Mu boma, ndi patangodutsa zaka mazana angapo, m'manja Ufumu wa Ottoman, linakhazikitsidwa pa msonkhano dziko - Assembly. Pambuyo athamangitsidwe a gawo Turkey Chimontenegirini wakula kwambiri chifukwa mupezeke zinamutengera pamaso madera ambiri chonde. Iye anabwerera mwayi kwa nyanja, ndi korona wa onse anali kukhazikitsidwa kwa Constitution loyamba Montenegro. Komabe, pansi udindo izo akadali cholowa ukulu Njegos mafumu. Pomaliza, ufulu Montenegro linalengezedwa mu 1878 pa Berlin Congress chaka.

A History Mwachidule wa Montenegro mu XX atumwi

M'ma latsopano dziko linayamba ndi kulengeza ufumu wake womutsata mu 1910. Pa First World nkhondo, Montenegro anatenga mbali ya Entente, ndipo mu 1916 anagwidwa ndi asilikali Austria ndi Hungary. Patapita zaka ziwiri, kusankha Assembly National Wamkulu unagonjetsedwa monarchical mafumu Njegos ndi Montenegro ogwirizana ndi Serbia.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, dziko kunkakhala asilikali Italy. Kuchokera mu 1945, Montenegro anali udindo wa lipabliki feduro, ndipo mu 2006 anakhala boma palokha.