Volga Germany: mbiri, maina mndandanda, photos, miyambo, miyambo, nthano, kuthamangitsidwa

M'zaka za m'ma XVIII, latsopano mitundu gulu la Volga Germany mu Russia. Awa anali Atsamunda amene anapita ku East pofunafuna moyo wabwino. M'dera Volga, Adalenga chigawo osiyana ndi ndondomeko ndi njira ya moyo. Ana a osamuka amenewa anawatumiza ku Central Asia panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri. Utatha Soviet Union yekha anakhalabe Kazakhstan, ena n'kubwerera ku dera Volga, ndi ena anapita kwawo mbiri.

Kuwawonetsera Catherine II

Mu 1762-1763 gg. Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri anasaina Ndondomeko ya awiri, chifukwa chimene Russia padaonekera Volga Germany. Mapale analola alendo kulowa ufumu, kulandira zosiyanasiyana. Yoweyula lalikulu la atsamunda anafika ku Germany. Bwerani mongoyembekezera osapatsidwa udindo msonkho. m'kaundula wapadera, womwenso dziko kulankhula momasuka ndi udindo kwa kukagawira unakhazikitsidwa. Ngati Volga Germany anakakhala pa iwo, ndiye iwo sakanakhoza misonkho kwa zaka 30.

Komanso, atsamunda analandira ngongole popanda chiwongoladzanja kwa zaka khumi. Ndalama ikhoza kukhala ntchito pa ntchito yomanga nyumba yake yatsopano, kugula ziweto, chakudya chofunika zida woyamba yokolola ulimi ndi zina zotero. D. madera anali ndinasintha osiyana pafupi midzi yachibadwa Russian. Kudzipatsa awo mkati izo wakhazikitsidwa. Maboma sanathe kulowerera pa moyo wa atsamunda anafika.

Ikani atsamunda ku Germany

Pokonzekera kuchuluka kwa alendo Russia, Catherine II (yekha ndi mitundu German) analenga Office wa otumikira. Iwo ankapita ndi ndiwotani wa Mfumukazi Grigory Orlov. The Office anachita pa ndime ndi anzake ena.

Manifestos afalitsidwa m'zinenero zambiri European. The kwambiri kwambiri kampeni masankho yapangidwa Germany (chifukwa cha zooneka ndi Volga Germany). Ambiri mwa atsamunda anapezeka Frankfurt ndi Ulm. Pofuna kusamukira ku Russia anapita ku Lübeck ndipo kuchokera kumeneko, woyamba mu St. Petersburg. Akulembedwa nawo si akuluakulu okha boma, komanso amalonda payekha, amene anadzatchedwa woyimba lapansi. anthu amenewa anapangana ndi Ofesi ya otumikira ndi zinthu m'malo ake. Iwo anakhazikitsa midzi latsopano, alemba ntchito ankalamulira anathamanga madera awo ndi akuzisunga gawo la ndalama kuchokera iwo.

moyo watsopano

Mu 1760. khama olowa wa woyimba ndi boma kuti mwakwiya kulimbikitsa anthu 30 sauzande. Poyamba, Germany anakakhala St. Petersburg ndi Oranienbaum. Kumeneko anatenga lumbiriro wokhulupirika kwa korona Russian ndi kukhala nzika za Mfumukazi. Onse atsamunda izi anasamukira ku Volga, ndipo patapita Saratov Province unakhazikitsidwa. Kwa zaka zingapo woyamba panali midzi 105. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti onse anali a maina Russian. Ngakhale dziko la Germany anali umunthu wawo.

Mphamvu anagwira kuyesera ndi ankawalamulira kukhala ulimi Russian. Boma ankafuna onani mmene kuzolowera kumadzulo ulimi mfundo. Volga Germany anatenga nyumba yatsopano scythe, thresher matabwa, khasu ndi zipangizo zina zimene iwo sankazidziwa wamba Russian. Alendo anayamba kukula mbatata osadziwika ndigwira Volga dera. iwonso zikugwira kulima hemp, fulakesi, fodya ndi mbewu zina. Woyamba Russian anthu ndi Chenjerani alendo kapena yosokoneza. Masiku ano, ofufuza kupitiriza kuphunzira zimene anapita nthano za Volga Germany, ndi zimene anali maunansi awo ndi anzawo.

kutukuka

Zasonyezanso kuti kuyesa kwa Catherine II wakhala bwino kwambiri. Minda zotsogola ndi bwino m'mudzi Russian anakhala Pamudzi, iwo ankakhala Volga Germany. History of madera ndi chitsanzo cha kutukuka khola. The akupeza moyo chifukwa ulimi imayenera analola Volga Germany kupeza malonda awo. Pa chiyambi cha XIX atumwi ku midzi anali mphero madzi, omwe anakhala chida kupanga ufa. Bwino anayamba masamba mafuta makampani, kupanga zida za ulimi ndi ubweya. Pansi Alexander II m'dera Saratov wakhala oposa zana tanneries, amene anayambitsa Volga Germany.

Nkhani ya kupambana kwawo ndi kokwanira. Maonekedwe a atsamunda linapereka kwa Kukula kwa kuluka mafakitale. Chinasanduka likulu la Sarepta, omwe analipo mmalire panopa Volgograd. Mabizinezi kwa kupanga shawls ndi nsalu ntchito apamwamba European thonje ku Saxony ndi Silesia, komanso silika ku Italy.

chipembedzo

chipembedzo ndi miyambo ya Volga Germany sanali yunifolomu. Iwo anachokera m'madera osiyanasiyana panthawi imene kunalibe Germany ogwirizana ndi malamulo ake osiyana analipo uliwonse chigawo. Koma pali vuto, ndi chipembedzo. Wapamwamba wa Volga Germany, analemba ndi Ofesi ya m'ndende, amasonyeza kuti mwa iwo anali Achilutera, Akatolika, Amenoni, Abaptisti, komanso nthumwi za magulu a zipembedzo zina ndi magulu.

Malinga Ndondomeko, ankalamulira akanatha kupanga mipingo yawo okha m'midzi komwe si Russian anthu ambiri. Germany akukhala m'mizinda ikuluikulu, nthawi yoyamba ufulu ngati ankakanizidwa. Amagwiritsidwanso choletsedwa kulimbikitsa Lutheran ndi ziphunzitso za Chikatolika. M'mawu ena, malamulo achipembedzo a boma Russian anapereka atsamunda monga mwaufulu monga iwo angakhoze sizidzawapweteka zofuna za Mpingo Orthodox. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa nthawi yomweyo, osamukawo akhoza kubatizidwa mu miyambo yawo ya Asilamu ndi kuwapanga iwo serfs.

Popeza chipembedzo zokhudzana ndi miyambo yambiri ndi nthano wa Volga Germany. Maholide ali mwambowu Lutheran kalendara. Komanso, atsamunda anapulumutsidwa miyambo dziko. Zikuphatikizapo Kololani Chikondwerero, amene adakali chikondwerero ku Germany.

Mu ulamuliro wa Soviet,

Kukwera kwa 1917 ntsiku eneyo chinasintha moyo wa nzika zonse zakale Russian Ufumu. Nazonso, ndi Volga Germany. Photos of madera awo mu mochedwa tsarist nyengo zimasonyeza kuti ana a anthu ochokera ku Ulaya anakhala kutali ndi malo awo, anansi awo. Iwo anasunga chinenerocho, miyambo ndi abwino. Kwa zaka zambiri, funso dziko idzathetsedwe. Koma ndi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks Germany nawo mwayi kuti kulenga kudziyimira pawokha awo mwa Soviet Russia.

Chilakolako cha ana a atsamunda kukhala nkhani zawo za boma anali moni mu Moscow ndi kumvetsa. Mu 1918, malinga ndi chigamulo cha anthu Commissars Council a m'dera yoyenda yokha wa Volga Germany unakhazikitsidwa mu 1924 anadzatchedwa ndi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. likulu lake linali Pokrovsky, anadzatchedwa Chichewa.

collectivization

Labor ndi miyambo ya Volga Germany anawalola kulenga ndi mbali wotchuka kwambiri wa Russian zigawo. Kuwomba kwa banjalo anayamba ulimi ndi zoopsa zonse za zaka nkhondo. Mu 20s wa pakhala ena kuchira, amene anatenga zochitika apamwamba pa NEP lapansi.

Komabe, mu 1930 pa Soviet Union anayamba ndawala dispossession. Collectivization ndi kuba katundu payekha m'mavuto aakulu kwambiri zomvetsa chisoni. ndi kwambiri ndi zipatso minda anawonongedwa. Alimi, eni tochepa, ndi anthu ena ambiri mabwalo yoyenda yokha anali anazunzidwa. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Germany anapezeka zikuphedwa pa ndime ndi ena wamba la Soviet Union, lomwe inakhomedwa minda losonkhanitsidwa ndi mosatsata moyo bwino.

Njala ya 30 oyambirira

Chifukwa chiwonongeko cha ubwenzi mwachizolowezi zachuma mu Volga German Republic, monga ena zigawo zambiri za USSR, njala. Population osiyana akuyesa kupulumutsa malo ake. Anthu ena anatenga ku masewera, amene anapempha boma Soviet kuthandiza chakudya. wamba ena, kwathunthu sankasangalala ndi Bolsheviks ankachitika kuukira yosungira tinasunga anasankha boma mkate. Mtundu wina kumusonyeza anali kunyalanyaza ntchito m'mafamu losonkhanitsidwa.

Against maziko a anthu kuti azinena nzeru mabungwe adayamba kufunafuna "osokoneza" ndi "zigawenga" ndi amene ovuta kwambiri kuonetsa miyeso. M'chaka cha 1932 njala ali amagwidwa mzinda. alimi Akusowa ayamba adzafunkha minda ndi akadali mwana mbewu. zinthu zinasintha yekha mu 1934, pamene dziko njala zikwi anthu.

kuthamangitsidwa

Ngakhale ankalamulira ana mu zaka zoyambilira Soviet aona mavuto ambiri, iwo anali konsekonse. M'njira imeneyi, ya Volga Germany ndiye nkomwe chidwi chifukwa cholowa chawo cha Russian wamba nzika za USSR. Komabe, isanayambike Wamkulu kukonda dziko lako nkhondo potsiriza analekanitsa okhala Republic ku mpumulo wa nzika za Soviet Union.

Mu August 1941, Anagwirizana, chimene kupita wa Volga Germany. Iwo anatengedwa kupita ku Central Asia, chifukwa choopa mogwirizana ndi Wehrmacht patsogolo. Volga Germany sanali anthu okha amene aona amakakamizidwa yosamutsa. The anaonazo ziwachitikira ndi Chechens, ndi Kalmyks, Crimea Chitata.

Kupha Republic

Pamodzi ndi kuthamangitsidwa panali chiyembekezo chakuti ya Autonomous Republic wa Volga Germany. ASSSR dera la NKVD kuyamba. Anthu anawalamula pasanathe maola 24 kusonkhanitsa zinthu zingapo analola ndi kukonzekera resettlement. Okwana pafupifupi 440.000 anthu amene anatengedwa ukapolo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo usilikali anthu a mtundu German anachotsedwa kutsogolo ndipo anatumiza mmbuyo. Amuna ndi akazi anali otchedwa asilikali ntchito. Iwo anamanga mabizinezi mafakitale ntchito m'migodi ndi m'misasa matabwa.

Moyo ku Central Asia ndi Siberia

Kwenikweni othamangitsidwa m'dziko anali anakakhala Kazakhstan. Nkhondo itatha, iwo sankaloledwa kubwerera ku dera Volga ndi kubwezeretsa Republic awo. 1% ya chiwerengero cha Kazakhstan lero amadziona Germany.

Mpaka 1956 anapitikitsidwa ndi midzi wapadera. Mwezi uliwonse iwo anali kupita ku ofesi ya commandant ndipo anaika chizindikiro mu magazini yapadera. Komanso, mbali yaikulu ya osamuka anakakhala Siberia, kamodzi mu dera Omsk, dera Altai ndi Urals.

modernity

Atagwa boma chikominisi Volga Germany potsiriza ufulu kuyenda. Pofika kumapeto kwa 80s. za moyo mu Autonomous Republic kumbukirani okha-zakale. Choncho ochepa anabwerera ku dera Volga (makamaka Chichewa m'dera Saratov). A zambiri othamangitsidwa m'dziko ndi ana awo kukhalabe Kazakhstan.

Wochuluka wa ku Germany anapita kwawo mbiri. Pambuyo kugwirizana kwa Germany anatengera Baibulo latsopano lamulo pa kubweranso kwa muno awo, Baibulo oyambirira omwe anawonekera pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Chikalatachi ikuti zinthu zofunika nzika yomweyo. Izi mogwirizana ndi, ndipo Volga Germany. Mayina ndi chinenero cha ena mwa iwo wofanana, zimveke cigawo mu moyo watsopano.

Monga mwa chilamulo, nzika analandira aliyense mbadwa za Volga atsamunda. Ena a iwo kale kutengera zenizeni Soviet, komabe ine ndinkafuna kupita kumadzulo. Kamodzi mu '90s, akuluakulu a German kuti ndizovuta mchitidwe nzika, Chirasha ochuluka Germany anakakhala ku dera Kaliningrad. Dera limeneli linali kale East Prussia ndipo anali gawo la Germany. Today mu Russia pali anthu pafupifupi 500,000 a mtundu German, ali 178 zikwi mbadwa za Volga atsamunda moyo mu Kazakhstan.