Ngwazi za Chernobyl. The liquidators wa ngozi Chernobyl

Inamangidwa mu 1954 woyamba nyukiliya magetsi ku Soviet Union ndi kupanga atomu mnjira mtendere, anthu ankakhulupirira kupeza magetsi kwambiri wotchipa. Mu 80 ntchentche za m'ma XX, panali kale zomera 360 mphamvu za nyukiliya. 1986 pa April 26 , dera dziko waphunzira mtengo wake weniweni wa zikwizikwi moyo, anafa ndi cheza ndi zotsatirapo zake 300 zikwi pokhala, anasiya midzi ndi m'midzi. Amavutika zingakhale ngakhale apamwamba ngati si anthu, ngwazi weniweni wa Chernobyl, pofuna kupewa ngoziyo ngakhale wamkulu ndi miyoyo yawo.

The ngozi pa Chernobyl nyukiliya magetsi

Usiku wa pa April 26 m'tulo anthu Chiyukireniya mizinda ya Pripyat ndi Chernobyl, ili 4 ndi 18 Km ku ankalemekeza nyukiliya magetsi, amene ntchito ambiri a wamkulu. Chishango 4-TH chipika, kumene riyakitala inkachitikira mayeso № 4 anathana tsoka momvetsa chisoni kwa zaka zambiri. Kodi kudziwa kenako ntchito boma, magawo chofunika, chimene chinapangitsa njira amavutitsa imene inachititsa kuphulika kwa riyakitala akhala linaphwanya pa mayeso. matani 50 a mafuta anathawa outwards, lomwe nthawi 10 kuposa wathuwu Hiroshima.

Chilango adzakhala lobweretsa kasamalidwe Chernobyl: Pochititsa mayeso, wachiwiri wamkulu injiniya A. Woodpeckers ndi mkulu wa Chernobyl V. Bryuhanov kulandira mawu a zaka 10. Kuyambira zotsatira cheza woyamba anabwerera ndi ku moyo mu 1995. Mkulu wa akatswiri okonza wataya maganizo ake. Only mu nineties ndi kutumidwa boma ankadziwa kuti zikuoneka kuti chifukwa chachikulu cha ngozi anali oopsa kulakwitsa, ndi kamangidwe kwambiri riyakitala lapansi. Mulimonse mmene zinakhalira, gulu loyamba la Chernobyl tsoka - siteshoni ndodo. Ndi chiwonongeko cha unit nyumba, kupha awiri, onse (134) anali kudwala matenda poizoni amene posachedwa anafa 24 (28 ndi moto).

Phazi pa njira ya tsoka zina

Pambuyo mabomba awiri ndi kusiyana kwa masekondi awiri (mu ola 1 Mphindi 23) riyakitala anali inawonongedwa, kuchititsa za 30 moto. siteshoni ntchito anali woyamba amene sanazengereze moto wamitundumitundu anathamangira kukonza iwo. Pamene wotsogolera V. Bryuhanov anafika pa 2 koloko siteshoni, mu mkhalidwe mantha, mu shopu magetsi anavutika kuteteza kuphulika wa hydrogen, chomwe chingathe kubisa Minsk, zakutali zoposa 300 Km.

Dziko ayenera kudziwa mayina a anthu otchuka a Chernobyl. 47 wazaka Wachiwiri kosangalatsa bwana Alexander Lelechenko panokha oletsedwa otaya wa hydrogen mu chipinda injini, pa denga amene anali kale pa moto.

masiku anayi akanakhalabe kuntchito, kuchotsa zotsatira za ngozi Chernobyl ndi kuonetsetsa ntchito abwino woyamba mayunitsi atatu mphamvu za nyukiliya. Kuyambira atakwatirana ndi Mlingo cheza cha moyo Alexander Lelechenko anafa May 7, kale mu chaka analandira udindo posthumous wa Hero wa Ukraine.

N'zoona ngwazi - firefighters ya Chernobyl

Alamu anakweza alonda ku Chernobyl firefighters ndi Pripyat, yoyamba anafika ku siteshoni mphindi 7 pambuyo chiyambi cha kuwonongeka. anthu 28 anathamangira ku moto kumenyana motsogozedwa ndi mkulu Vladimir ndi Victor Pravik Kabenka. ndi zaka 23, koma chitsanzo chawo, iwo anali olimbana ndi, kupereka malangizo omveka ndipo pamene zinafika povuta kwambiri. Total oyang'anira aakulu Telyatnikov, lamulo limene kunapezeka kuti anthu 69 ndi magalimoto 14. Pafupifupi popanda chitetezo, ndi magolovesi yekha, zipewa ndi yunifomu lona, osati ntchito chifukwa cha masks mkulu kutentha mpweya TRC-5, mausiku atatu firefighters sadazindikire amaudindo cheza chakupha.

Ndi zinayi koloko mmawa moto isanafalikire kwa asanu anali chimatha kwathunthu. Anamwalira polimbana ndi moto wa manyazi, firefighters ambiri analandira mlingo woopsa cheza ndipo anatumizidwa kwa chithandizo Moscow ndi Kiev. A anthu 13 mankhwala pa 6 matenda kuchipatala mwa likulu, 11 anamwalira. Amene anabereka ndi mwezi pamaso pa tsokalo, pakati pawo Victor ndi Vladimir Kabenok Pravik. Madokotala amanena kuti njira osankhidwa a mankhwala a Dr. aakulu zinali zolakwika. Professor Leonid Kindzelskomu mu Kiev, kutsatira njira yakeyake chithandizo, odwala onse anapulumutsidwa. Atatu firefighters Vladimiru Praviku, Victor ndi Leonid Kabenku Telyatnikov, anali kupereka mutu Hero wa Soviet Union. Anatha kupulumuka kokha yotsirizira analimbikitsidwa ku Mulingo wa onse.

Firefighters - Zimphona la Ukraine

Atatu firefighters pakati woyamba anagwidwa itawonongedwa malo anapatsidwa udindo wa Hero wa Ukraine. Pakati pawo Vasily Ignatenko, 25 wazaka ndodo anga. miyoyo yawo kwa mnyamatayo anatulutsa ya moto zitatu comrades awo amene anali anakomoka mwangozi. mkazi wake woyembekezera sanali okhoza kupulumutsa mwana analandira cheza atapita mwamuna wake mu chipatala Moscow. Mlingowu anali oopsa kwa mwana.

26 wazaka Sergeant Nicholas Vashchuk ndi 23 wazaka Nikolai Tytenok anali pakati pa anthu apulumutsidwe Ignatenko. Koma onse zoyembekezeka tsoka yemweyo - kufa ku chipatala. Onse anali pa ntchito pamwamba pa phiri lalikulu, kuteteza moto kufalikira kwa mphamvu lachitatu. Ndiko kumene msinkhu kuchipatala Mwambamwamba. Ngwazi za Chernobyl anasiya kukumbukira oyamikira, ndi zambiri - ana awiri.

Moto - Hero wa Russia

Moto Chief wa USSR ya unduna Internal Main Dipatimenti Lt. Akol Vladimir Maksimchuk tinafika ku Chernobyl nyukiliya magetsi monga mbali ya ntchito m'boma. Iye anali gawo la kutsogolera moto kumenyana pa usiku wa May 23. Za nkhani imeneyi kwa nthawi yaitali chete: kuopseza kuphulika latsopano riyakitala 4 zinachitika pambuyo poyatsira mapampu zozungulira ndi zingwe mkulu-voteji. Osalola firefighters anapezazo, ndi gulu la nzeru msilikali analowa maonekedwe a moto. Poonetsa digiri ya ngozi ndi kudziwa mlingo wa poizoni (250 roentgen paola), Vladimir Maksimchuk panokha bungwe ntchito yopulumutsa, kudziwa nthawi pazipita kukhala pa gawo la mphindi moto khumi.

Zoni moto kumenyana njira yapadera kunachitika ndi anapezazo ndi kuphana anasintha zonse anauza mzake wa zinthu zatsopano. mkulu yekha ndi nthawi iliyonse gulu kawiri anakapezeka ndi nthawi yoopsa kwambiri, kutumikira monga chitsanzo cha kulimba mtima munthu. Izi ndi dziko kwa zaka - "chinsinsi" feat. Ngwazi za Chernobyl anali mphoto ndi ozimitsa moto makumi motsogozedwa ndi mkulu adzakhala mu chipatala bedi wobisala. Mu 1994, ndili ndi zaka 46 ndipo Mulingo wa MVD Internal Service Major General Vladimir Maksimchuk anafa, kukhala atamwalira mu 2003 kupereka mutu Hero wa Russia.

Kodi liquidators

Mmodzi wa mboni woyamba, amene anachotsa riyakitala pambuyo ngozi, ndi woyendetsa uthenga bungwe Igor Kostin. Iye anaona chithunzi cha okwana kugonjetsedwa, ngati pambuyo nkhondo ya nyukiliya. The zotsatira za ngozi Chernobyl - izo si amasulidwe mafuta nyukiliya, komanso wamphamvu nyukiliya kuipitsidwa m'dera la makilomita lalikulu 200 zikwi. Kusonkhezera anapitiriza kuponya riyakitala nyukiliya mpweya ndi fumbi mumlengalenga, kuyenera kusiyidwa. Zilibe kukusalani kuthekera kuphulika chachiwiri chifukwa choopa kuti pansi riyakitala kuti osokoneza mwala simenti, ndi chiphalaphala adzakhala kulumikiza ku madzi.

Komabe, akuluakulu kuletsedwa zotsatira za tsoka ndi mabuku oyamba anaonekera atolankhani pambuyo maola 36. Cheza mtambo olembedwa Europe, ndi m'ziwawa achoke kwa anthu ku dera lapafupi, amene anapita mu mbiri monga zoni kupatulana, sizinathe wayamba. Anthu anayamba kutuluka ndi utali wozungulira wa makilomita makumi atatu pambuyo miyezo anapanga ndi gulu lankhondo la Wapolisiyo Grebeniuk mu Pripyat. Iwo samangokhala anasonyeza kuwonjezeka zoopsa mu cheza masana, komanso kudabwa Institute of Atomic Energy kanjedza mtheradi. The cheza maziko wopyola analoleza malire a nthawi 600 zikwi!

M'malo mwa anthu othawa kwawowo amene anasamuka m'deralo kachilombo kwa sabata, kwa maola woyamba wa ngozi nkhosa akatswiri ntchito pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya, mayunitsi asilikali. Kenako anayamba kutchedwa liquidators. anthu 600 zikwi anakopeka kuwonongedwa kwa zotsatira za ngozi pambuyo kuitana kwa Pulezidenti Gorbachev pa TV patapita masiku 18 kuchokera pachiyambi cha zochitika zomvetsa chisoni.

asilikali ft

Aliyense kufika kuthetsa mavuto a ngozi, ndi bwino likuimira kuti ndi Chernobyl. Ngwazi liquidators Patapita zaka sanadandaule kuti anali kulimbana ndi wosaoneka mdani - ionizing cheza. Ngakhale matenda ndi imfa ya abwenzi kwa oopsa. 100 sauzande a iwo - iwo ali oimira usilikali, kuphatikizapo 600 ndege woyendetsa, chirichonse kulepheretsa Alamu riyakitala. Mu ntchito boma kuthetsa mavuto m'gulu Academician VA Legasov amene zithandize kuponya kusakaniza mu riyakitala pakati mchenga, asidi boric ndi patsogolo. Patangopita maola 48 ntchito tinayamba, zimene yabwino ndege woyendetsa zinali zotani, kuphatikizapo revocation la Afghanistan.

Mlingo wa poizoni pamwamba pa riyakitala pa nthawi 9 mlingo woopsa, kutentha mpweya pa msinkhu wa mamita 200 anali madigiri 120-180. M'mikhalidwe mpweya otentha ndi ngozi nyukiliya asilikali moyo manja waponya matumba yolemera makilogalamu 80, ndipo anapanga mpaka 33 oyendetsa maulendo tsiku, kamodzi 5-6 kugula cheza X-ray. Iwo anatenga matani 6 wa osakaniza kwa 35% kuchepetsa umuna zinthu woopsawo amapha. Pakati pa ndege woyendetsa kumeneko Zimphona la Soviet Union. Mmodzi wa iwo - Nikolay Melnik, anali adatchithisira mu riyakitala kuchokera kutalika shestisotkilogrammovuyu chubu ndi kuyeza zipangizo kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha njira mkati pofuna kupewa mabomba mobwerezabwereza. Izi ntchito filigree anapita mu mbiri pansi pa dzina "Mphungu".

asilikali malo

The liquidators wa ngozi Chernobyl - osati akatswiri komanso akazembe akale ndi asilikali a zaka zapakati pa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi atatu, anakopeka milandu usilikali. Kuzungulira riyakitala wachinayi anali yatcheredwa mafuta cheza. Chovuta chinthu graphite ndi zinyalala nyukiliya amayenera kuchotsedwa denga, kumene ntchito Makina. Koma kupita zakutchire milingo cheza anabweretsa izo, kotero panali kufunika kukopa anthu. Izi ngwazi za Chernobyl anapita mu mbiri monga "biorobots". opaleshoniyo kuchotsa zinthu nyukiliya Major General Tarakanov, masamu kuti ngakhale suti zoteteza munthu sangakhale mu cheza dera X-ray ndi 7000 kuposa masekondi makumi anai.

Kuti kutaya nyukiliya mu mafosholo awiri, mnyamata ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 26-30 chitetezo kwa masabata 2.5 anakwera padenga, kuika moyo wawo pachiswe. Igor Kostin Konstantin Fedotov nagwa kubwereza ft ake ang'ono kasanu. Monga mphoto, "biorobots" inalandira satifiketi liquidator ndi mphoto asilikali mazana rubles. Malinga ndi Zoneneratu madokotala, chimodzi mwa zisanu ana awa adzafa pamaso zaka 40. Nkhondo ndi mdani wosaonekayo ali likupitirirabe akamaliza ntchito pa liquidation wa ngozi Chernobyl.

Kumangidwa kwa sarcophagus ndi

Koposa china chilichonse malo mwadzidzidzi zofunika akatswiri. Firefighters kuteteza mkangano latsopano, ikukoka madzi pansi pa slab konkire riyakitala ndi, Anthuwa anakumba mumphangayo kutalika 150 mamita kwa unit lachitatu kukhazikitsa chipinda yozizira ntchito asafe ndi kudula kudzera akatswiri Kurchatovsky Institute autogenous kupulumuka khoma kudziwa mlingo wa ngozi. dziko lonse wayika kuthandiza madera akhudzidwa, kulenga leni kutsogolo-mzere zinthu. Iwo linatsegulidwa nkhani ya zopereka zimene miyezi isanu ndi umodzi analandira miliyoni 520 rubles. Mapeto a ntchito pa kuthetsa mphamvu nyukiliya anali kukhala kumangira sarcophagus zoteteza kwa manda a "fodya" riyakitala. Analogue zoterozo chinthu sanali mu dziko, anthu amene analenga anaimanga zinthu pafupi nkhondoyo, ngwazi lenileni la Chernobyl.

masiku 206 wofunikila yomanga ndi simenti containment kulemera matani 150 mamita 170. Lev Bocharov, mmodzi wa kutukula wa chinthu, amazindikira kuti ovuta kwambiri chinali chifukwa chakuti chilichonse anayenera kutikonza payokha kupewa ovulala zosafunika. yomanga Akutali anatsogolera chakuti, ngakhale khama la anthu 90 sauzande, ntchito ndalama yaikulu nyumba zitsulo ndi simenti, mu zaka 28 kunali kugwa kwa mapanelo kulumikizidwa mamita mazana angapo. More flyover ndi ndege mu 2007 ndi miyezo cheza asonyeza kuti mphamvu wagawo akadali zoopsa. Natenepa lero zagwiridwa Polojekiti yatsopanoyi "Mthunzi-2" ndi nawo ku Ulaya ndi United States.

30 kilometre malo ozungulira chomera - akanali zone kupatulana, kumene anthu amakhala zikhoza kuwononga chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa ndi nyukiliya. Pripyat wakhala chipilala anasunga tsoka mu chaka cha 1986.

Ngwazi za Chernobyl odzipereka

Tsoka kwa Chernobyl anasonyeza dziko zimene zingachitike ngati mphamvu za nyukiliya kutuluka kulamulira. Iwo zakulitsa ndondomeko ya Kusiya nyukiliya ndipo wakhala zoona, chiyambi cha mapeto a USSR. Koma ngakhale iye anasonyeza anthu padziko lonse kulimba mtima komanso ungwazi anthu wamba a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, anayamba mogwirizana chipulumutso cha chitukuko European. Kudzipha mtsogoleri wa Party Communist a Ukraine V. Scherbitsky zimathandiza kuti isachitidwe lonse woona wa ngozi Chernobyl, sangathe kupulumuka tsoka la wasayansi VA Legasov, kumverera zolakwa za asayansi zimene zinachitikazo. Koma pali chifukwa chochitira manyazi ndi anthu amene adzakhala ndi moyo kosatha m'chikumbumtima chathu ndi mkuwa. Vyacheslav Kokubu pa tsiku la 25 la tsoka ku Ukraine wakhala analemba nyimbo "Ulemerero kwa Zimphona ya Chernobyl" lomwe limanena za kuyamikira "amene anapulumutsa dziko pa tsoka, amene sberog ulemu ndi yunifolomu wake."

Mu Ukraine, anakhazikitsa Mendulo "Hero wa Chernobyl", limene mpaka kupereka kwa liquidators amene asonyeza olimba mtima kwambiri pa nthawi yovuta kwa dziko. Zaka zitatu zapitazo, mphotho chopezeka Kyrgyzstan dokotala Iskender Shayakhmetova akuthamanga mamita zana kuchokera wagawo, amene anapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu ambiri anthu. Koma pa Institute cheza Medicine Kiev zikupitilirabe wosiyana kulimbana ndi mdani wosaonekayo moyo wa liquidators zakale. Pulofesa Anatoly Chumak amayenda kulikonse Soviet Union. M'mizinda yambiri, zipilala kuti ngwazi wolimba mtima Chernobyl akuvutika, ambiri amene anamwalira patapita zaka chifukwa cha matenda poizoniyu.