The magetsi gwero panopa ndi magetsi inawadutsa: tanthauzo ndi zomwenso

tonse tikudziwa njira sayansi kuti pansi ndi magetsi amatanthauza mbali analamula zoyenda particles onyamula mlandu. Kuti mupeze wochititsa zimapanga munda magetsi. Yemweyo n'kofunika kwambiri kuti tipitirize zikhalepo kwa nthawi yaitali, magetsi inawadutsa.

Magwero a zamagetsi kukhala:

• malo amodzi;
• mankhwala;
• mawotchi;
• michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi.

Aliyense ntchito imagwiridwa pamene raznozaryazhennye anagawa particles, i.e. magetsi kumunda mphamvu zoyendetsera. Wogawanika, iwo kudziunjikira pa mitengo mogwirizana nthaka ya akuwauza. Pamene mizati olumikiza particles kondakitala ndi mlandu kuyamba kusuntha, ndipo magetsi aumbike.

Magwero a magetsi inawadutsa Kutulukira makina magetsi

Mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri m'ma kupereka panopa magetsi chofunika kwambiri khama. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ambiri ayamba asayansi nawo nkhaniyi. Ndipo Otto Von Guericke anatulukira woyamba galimoto magetsi m'dziko. Mu kuyesera wina ndi sulfure, osungunula mkati mpira dzenje la galasi, oumitsidwa ndi anathyola galasi. Guericke analimbitsa mpira kotero kuti ozizira. Tembenuzani ndi kukanikiza chidutswa cha chikopa, izo zikuchoka kuthetheka. mikangano Izi kwambiri kosavuta kupeza yochepa magetsi. Koma zovuta zambiri zikhoza kuthetsedwa yekha ndi pofuna kukwaniritsa sayansi.

Vuto linali lakuti milandu Gericke msanga mbisoweka. Kuonjezera kutalika kwa thupi la mlandu aikidwa mu muli chatsekedwa (galasi mabotolo), ndipo inasangalatsa zithunzi madzi anachita msomali a. Kuyesera wokometsedwa pamene botolo ndi mbali zonse TACHIMATA ndi chuma ndi conductive (zitsulo kulepheretsa Mwachitsanzo). Chifukwa cha zimenezi, tinaona kuti kunali kotheka kuchita popanda madzi.

miyendo yakutsogolo monga gwero panopa

Njira ina kubala magetsi kwa nthawi yoyamba anapeza Luidzhi Galvani. Monga wasayansi, iye ntchito mu labu pamene ayesa magetsi. Iye anawona mwendo wakufa chule anali yafupika pamene wokonda ngati nthethe kwa makina. Koma tsiku lina, zotsatira womwewu zimatheka ndi mwayi pamene wasayansi anakhudza zitsulo scalpel ake.

Iye anayamba kuyang'ana zifukwa, kumene kunali magetsi. Magwero a magetsi kudzera mapeto ake omaliza anali chule zimakhala.

Wina wa ku Italy, Alessandro Volta, anatsutsa "chule" cha mtundu wa zosayembekezereka ya pano. Zinaonetsa kuti panopa wamkulu anali kuwonjezera mkuwa ndi nthaka mu sulfuric asidi njira. kuphatikiza amatchedwa galvanic kapena mankhwala amafotokozera.

Koma ntchito ndalama zakuti EMF zikanakhala odula kwambiri. Choncho, asayansi ntchito pa ena, mawotchi, njira ya ulimi wa mphamvu zamagetsi.

Kodi jenereta wamba?

Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi AH Oersted anapeza kuti ndime ya panopa kupyolera wochititsa ndi maginito uka chiyambi. Patapita kanthawi, Faraday anapeza kuti pamene mphambano ya mizere ya mphamvu EMF ndi kwachititsa wochititsa, amene amachititsa panopa. Emf zimasiyanasiyana ndi liwiro ndi ochititsa okha, komanso mphamvu kumunda. Pa mphambano ya mizere miliyoni zana mphamvu pa mphindi anachititsa electromotive mphamvu amakhala wofanana Volt wina. Zikuonekeratu kuti Buku likhale m'munda maginito si angathe kupereka lalikulu magetsi. Magwero a magetsi a mtundu uwu ali kutali aluso anasonyeza kumulowetsa waya pa spool lalikulu kapena kupanga ng'oma-mphako ake. koyilo aikidwa pa kutsinde pakati pa maginito ndi madzi rotatable kapena nthunzi. Chotero mawotchi mphamvu zoyendetsera chibadidwe ochiritsira magudumu.

kwambiri Tesla

A wasayansi wanzeru ku Serbia, Nikola Tesla, moyo wake kwa magetsi, apeza zinthu zambiri zimene ife ntchito lero. Multiphase magetsi makina, asynchronous Motors magetsi, mphamvu kufala kudzera Mipikisano gawo alternating apano - uyu si mndandanda wonse kwa kufufuza mwaukatswiri asayansi aakulu.

Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chodabwitsa cha Siberia linkadziwika Tunguska kugwa kwa miyala yochokera, kwenikweni amatchedwa Tesla. Koma mwina odabwitsa kwambiri anatulukira ndi thiransifoma angathe kulandira voteji mpaka volts miliyoni khumi. Zachilendo ndi chipangizo ndi malamulo odziwika kuwerengetsera Osamva. Koma m'masiku amenewo tinayamba kukhala luso zingalowe, mu panalibe ambiguity. Choncho, chidali chifuniro cha wasayansi pa nthawi anaiwala.

Koma lero, mkubwela kwa sayansi ongolankhula mu ntchito yake akuchita chidwi kachiwiri. Efa anazindikira mpweya ndi kumvera malamulo onse okonzera mpweya. Imathandiza mphamvu yake kumeneko kwambiri Tesla. Dziwani kuti chiphunzitso efa wakhala sizachilendo m'mbuyomu pakati pa asayansi ambiri. Only ndi zikamera wa SRT - Einstein ndi chiphunzitso chapadera cha relativity, zimene iye anamukana kuli efa - anaiwala za izo, ngakhale pambuyo kukonza chiphunzitso ambiri sanamvere ndikutsutsa iye monga.

Koma pamene akukhala magetsi ndiponso zipangizo zimene ali ubiquitous lero.

Development zipangizo luso - amapereka mphamvu

makina onga ntchito yosintha mphamvu osiyana mu mphamvu ya magetsi. Ngakhale kuti njira thupi ndi mankhwala yopangira magetsi kuti chatsegulidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, ubiquitous, analandira okha kwa theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri, atazindikira mofulumira osauka zamagetsi. Koyamba mabanja asanu galvanic anali wodzilemekeza ndi mitundu 25. A chiphunzitso mabanja galvanic mwina awerenge zikwi zingapo, popeza mphamvu ufulu akhoza akuyendera pa oxidizing aliyense ndi kuchepetsa wothandizira.

Thupi Mphamvu Sources

zachilengedwe a magetsi anayamba ina. njira zamakono yawo ayamba kuyeza, ndi mafakitale kutentha ndi thermionic magudumu kulimbana ndi mavuto kukula. Thupi mphamvu magwero - ndi zipangizo kumene ikukhudzana atomu, makina ndi mphamvu cheza ndi kuwola nyukiliya n'kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. Kuwonjezera pa pamwamba, iwonso Udindo monga injini ya magetsi, MHD magudumu, komanso akatembenuka cheza dzuwa ndi atomiki kuwonongeka.

Ya magetsi mu wochititsa ndi kutha, pamafunika anthu wamba kukhalabe kusiyana angathe kudutsa wochititsa ikutha. Pakuti ichi magwero mphamvu ndi zina electromotive mphamvu kulenga ndi kukhala kusiyana angathe. EMF anayeza magetsi inawadutsa gwero opaleshoni pamene kuphatikiza mlandu kutengerapo kudutsa dera chatsekedwa.

Fundo mkati magetsi quantitatively amadziwika izo, kudziwa kuchuluka kwa imfa mphamvu kudzera gwero.

Mphamvu ndi Mwachangu wa voteji wofanana ndi chiŵerengero cha dera kunja magetsi kuti EMF.

magwero Chemical

Chemical panopa gwero mu EMF magetsi dera ndi chipangizo, kumene mphamvu zochita mankhwala ali n'kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi.

maziko ake tichipeza maelekitirodi awiri: a moyipa mlandu kuchepetsa wothandizila ndi oxidizing wothandiza ndithu mlandu, amene anakumana ndi electrolyte lapansi. Pakati pa maelekitirodi kusiyana kuthekera, EMF.

zipangizo zamakono nthawi zambiri ntchito:

• monga nthumwi kuchepetsa - kutsogolera cadmium, nthaka ndi ena;
• oxidant - faifi tambala hydroxide, kutsogolera okusayidi, manganese ndi monga;
• electrolyte - njira zidulo, alkalis kapena mchere.

Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito maselo youma nthaka ndi manganese. Chotengera otengedwa nthaka (kukhala elekitirodi zoipa). Mkati aikidwa ndi elekitirodi zabwino ndi osakaniza woipa manganese ndi mpweya kapena graphite ufa omwe amachepetsa kukana. The electrolyte amachita monga phala la mankhwala enaake ammonium, wowuma ndi zigawo zina.

Womata kutsogolera-asidi batire - ndi zambiri sekondale mankhwala panopa gwero mu dera magetsi ali ndi mphamvu yapamwamba, kuthamanga khola ndi kukhala mtengo wotsika. Mabatire a mtundu uwu ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Iwo amafuna kuti mabatire sitata, amene chofunika kwambiri kwa galimoto, pamene iwo zambiri ndi monopolists.

batire chinanso tichipeza chitsulo (anode), faifi tambala okusayidi hydrate (cathode) ndi electrolyte - ndi amadzimadzi njira ya potaziyamu kapena sodium wochuluka. Nkhani kugwira ntchito machubu faifi tambala-yokutidwa zitsulo.

Ntchito mtundu utachepa pambuyo moto pa fakitale Edison mu 1914. Komabe, ngati ife tikufanizira makhalidwe a yoyamba ndi yachiwiri mtundu batire, likukhalira kuti ntchito ya chitsulo faifi tambala kungakhale kwambiri yaitali kuposa asidi patsogolo.

Magudumu a DC ndi AC

The magudumu ndi zipangizo kuti ukunenedwa yosinthira mphamvu mawotchi mphamvu zamagetsi.

Losavuta DC jenereta akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati chimango ya wochititsa, amene anaikidwa pakati pa mizati maginito ndi malekezero a olumikiza akutali theka-mphete (wokhometsa). Pakuti chipangizo ntchito, muyenera kuonetsetsa kasinthasintha wa chimango ndi wokhometsa lapansi. Kenako adzauzidwa anachititsa magetsi kusintha panopa malangizo mchikakamizo cha mizere maginito. Dera kunja zidzakuyenderani mbali imodzi. Iwo likukhalira kuti wokhometsa adzakonza alternating panopa, amene amapangidwa ndi chimango. Pofuna kukwaniritsa DC wokhometsa unapangidwa mbale sate-sikisi kapena zambiri, ndi wochititsa chikuphatikizapo kuchuluka mafelemu mu mawonekedwe a armature kumulowetsa.

Taganizirani zimene cholinga cha dera panopa gwero. Kupeza mochuluka bwanji magwero panopa alipo.

An dera magetsi: magetsi panopa, mphamvu panopa, panopa gwero

Dera magetsi zikuphatikizapo gwero panopa amene pamodzi ndi zinthu zina amalenga njira kuti panopa. Chiphunzitso emf voteji ndipo panopa loyenda pa ili lotseguka njira mu atomu.

Dera zophweka kwambiri magetsi imakhala ndi gwero zikusinthira (batire, ndi electrochemical jenereta khungu, ndi zina zotero), ogula mphamvu (heaters magetsi, Motors magetsi ndi ena), ndi mawaya kulumikiza malo a gwero voteji ndi ogula.

Dera magetsi ali mkati (mphamvu zoyendetsera) ndi akunja (mawaya, masiwichi, breakers, kuyeza zida) mbali.

Ndi ntchito komanso ndi phindu zabwino pokhapokha ngati operekedwa chatsekedwa dera. kusiyana kulikonse amachititsa kutha kwa otaya panopa.

Dera magetsi imakhala ndi gwero panopa mu mawonekedwe a maselo electrochemical, migolo magetsi, electromechanical ndi thermoelectric magudumu, maselo dzuwa, ndi zina zotero.

Monga Motors magetsi zinthu amalandira kuti atembenuke mphamvu mu mphamvu mawotchi, kuunikira ndi Kutentha zamakono, electrolysis unsembe ndi zina zotero.

Chalk ndi zipangizo zofunika kutembenukira osinthasintha, kuyeza zida ndi njira zodzitetezera.

zigawo zonse anawagawa:

• yogwira (mmene dera magetsi zikuphatikizapo panopa gwero EMF, Motors magetsi, mabatire ndi zina zotero);
• chabe (monga amalandira magetsi ndi interconnecting Kulumikizana).

unyolo ungakhalenso:

• liniya, m'mene amafotokozera kukana nthawi zonse yodziwika ndi mzere wolunjika;
• osalunjika, mmene kulimbikira chimadalira voteji kapena panopa.

Kuti ndi chiwembu losavuta, mmene dera kumaphatikizapo panopa gwero lophimba, babu, ndi rheostat.

Ngakhale kuchuluka ambiri zipangizo ngati luso, makamaka zaposachedwapa anthu ambiri kufunsa mafunso okhudza unsembe zopangira magetsi zina.

A zosiyanasiyana zopangira mphamvu za magetsi

Kodi magwero a panopa magetsi zilipodi? Sizoti ndi dzuwa, mphepo, dziko lapansi ndi mafunde. Achita otchedwa nduna zina zopangira magetsi.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti lilipo akonzedwa zina. Iwo sali ofanana, chifukwa simuli othandiza ndi omasuka. Koma ndani akudziwa, mwinamwake m'tsogolo adzakhala kumbuyo iwo.

Choncho, ife mphamvu ngati zamagetsi akhoza kuwapeza madzi amchere. Norway aliko kale mphamvu, kutsatira njira imeneyi.

okwerera mphamvu komanso kuthamanga pa mabatire ndi electrolyte olimba okusayidi.

Mumadziwika magudumu piezoelectric kulandira mphamvu mwa mphamvu kayendedwe (alipo kale ndi msewu luso zimenezi, tokhala liwiro, turnstiles ndipo ngakhale apansi kuvina).

Pali nanogenerators, amene umalimbana kusintha kwa mphamvu mu thupi mu magetsi.

Kodi munganene za algae kuti kutenthetsa m'nyumba zawo, malupanga mpira, magetsi, njinga, zipangizo zamagetsi akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu, ndipo ngakhale akanadulidwa pepala, ntchito ngati gwero mphamvu?

Great lonjezo, ndithudi, za chitukuko cha mphamvu chiphala.

Zonsezi masiku ano zenizeni zimene asayansi ntchito. N'zotheka kuti ena mwa iwo posachedwapa wamba ndithu, ngati magetsi m'nyumba lero.

Mwina wina akutionetsera chinsinsi cha wasayansi Nikola Tesla, ndipo anthu adzatha mosavuta kupeza mphamvu mpweya?