TCP-madoko. List of TCP ndi UDP madoko

Mu Intaneti computer, doko ndi mfundo mtheradi kugwirizana mu dongosolo opaleshoni. Mawu amenewa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito zipangizo hardware, koma mapulogalamu ndi mfundo dongosolo, amene limatchula njira kapena ntchito yeniyeni.

Port nthawi zonse kugwirizana ndi IP-adiresi ya gulu ndi mtundu wa protocol kulankhulana ndi limamaliza gawo adiresi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka. Iwo zocitikazo lililonse adiresi ndi protocol mothandizidwa ndi nambala 16-bit, lodziwika bwino ndi dzina nambala doko. manambala Specific doko chotchuka ntchito kuzindikira ntchito yeniyeni. Masauzande ambiri zalembedwa mu 1024 odziwika manambala doko akusungidwira malinga ndi pangano kudziwa mitundu yeniyeni ntchito pa khamu. Ndondomeko, amene zimagwiritsa ntchito madoko kutumikira kulamulira ndondomeko (mwachitsanzo, Kufala Control Protocol (TCP) ndi Wosuta Datagram Protocol (UDP) Internet protocol kwa zida za).

mtengo

The TCP-madoko safuna limasonyeza achindunji monga "mfundo kuwalozera", pamene kompyuta pa mapeto akhoza opareshoni ndi ntchito imodzi yokha pa nthawi. Iwo kunafunika pambuyo magalimoto anali wokhoza kuchita pulogalamu oposa mmodzi pa nthawi, ndipo unali olumikizidwa kwa Intaneti ano paketi-anazimitsa. Mu chitsanzo, ndi kasitomala-Seva ntchito zomangamanga, madoko ndi makasitomala maukonde kulumikiza mwambo wa utumiki, kupereka chithandizo multiplexing, pambuyo pa kukambirana deta kugwirizana ndi odziwika doko chiwerengero, ndipo anamasulidwa ndi kusintha iriyonse ya zopempha utumiki kwa mzere wodzipereka. Pali kugwirizana kwa nambala yeniyeni, ndi makasitomala motero zambiri angathe kutumikira mwamsanga.

tsatanetsatane

Data Link Protocol - Kufala Control Protocol (TCP) ndi Wosuta Datagram Protocol (UDP) - ntchito mwachindunji kopita doko chiwerengero ndi gwero mu maheda awo zigawo. Doko nambala 16-bit unsigned inteja. Motero, zingakhale mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 0 kuti 65.535.

Komabe, TCP-madoko kugwiritsa ntchito nambala 0 chifukwa UDP Port Gwero nkhani, ndi mtengo wa ziro, kutanthauza kulibe.

Dongosololi zikugwirizana athandizira kapena linanena bungwe ake njira kudzera zitsulo Intaneti (mtundu descriptor file) ndi zoyendera protocol, chiwerengero doko ndi IP-adiresi. ndondomeko Ichi chikudziwika ngati kumanga, ndipo amathandiza deta HIV ndi phwando kudzera Intaneti.

Network opaleshoni dongosolo mapulogalamu udindo kufala outbound deta ndi madoko onse ntchito mu maukonde ndi kufika mapaketi maukonde inbound (by zofanana ndi IP-maadiresi ndi manambala a foni). Only ndondomeko wina akhoza kumumanga ndi IP-adiresi ndi doko ma yeniyeni ntchito zoyendera protocol chomwecho. General zolephera ntchito, limatchedwa mikangano doko wapatsidwa mapulogalamu angapo akuyesetsa funsani ndi manambala chomwecho doko la chomwecho-adiresi IP, ntchito protocol chomwecho.

Momwe zimagwirira ntchito

Mapulogalamu ndikukhazikitsa ntchito wamba zambiri ntchito mwapadera ndi osungidwa ndi odziwika mndandanda wa TCP ndi UDP madoko kulandira zopempha utumiki kwa makasitomala. ndondomeko Ichi chikudziwika ngati akumvetsera, ndipo zikuphatikizapo pempho doko odziwika ndi kukhazikitsa kukambirana pakati Seva ndi kasitomala "wina ndi wina," ndi chimodzimodzi m'dera chiwerengero doko. makasitomala ena apitirize amagwiritsa - izi ndi zotheka, kuyambira kugwirizana TCP amadziŵika kuti unyolo ongokhala kutali ndi makonsolo adiresi ndi doko. Standard TCP ndi UDP madoko ofunitsitsa ndi mgwirizano pansi pa ulamuliro wa Internet anatumizidwa Numeri Authority (IANA).

Phata la ntchito maukonde (makamaka, WorldWideWeb), kawirikawiri amagwiritsa ochepa madoko - zosakwana 1024. M'magulu ambiri opaleshoni amafuna maudindo apadera ntchito kuti amange kwa iwo, chifukwa iwo amaona kuti kukhala ovuta ntchito Intaneti IP ofotokoza. Komano, mankhwala a kasitomala mapeto, monga ulamuliro, chikukhudza ambiri a iwo, anasankha ntchito yochepa Komabe, pali otchedwa madoko ephemeral.

kapangidwe

TCP-madoko ndi ndiyotengera mu paketi chamutu wa protocol zoyendera ndi mosavuta anamasulira osati kutumiza ndi kulandira makompyuta komanso zigawo zina za zomangamanga maukonde. Mu firewalls makamaka, kawirikawiri kukhazikitsidwa kusiyanitsa mapaketi kutengera gwero kapena kopita doko manambala awo. Apatutsira ndi chitsanzo cha zimenezi.

Mchitidwe akufuna kulumikiza osiyanasiyana madoko mu ndondomeko pa kompyuta kudziwika monga chindodo awo. Izi kawirikawiri chifukwa mwina pofuna njiru sichitha kapena oyang'anira maukonde kufunafuna vulnerabilities n'zotheka kupewa zoopsa zotere.

Zochita umalimbana mmene kutsegula TCP-doko, nthawi zambiri kulamulidwa ndi olembedwa mothandizidwa ndi makompyuta. Njira imeneyi amagwiritsa chiwerengero mgwirizano yopuma pofuna kugwirizana yosalala makina.

Zitsanzo za ntchito

Chitsanzo chofunika kwambiri, kumene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito TCP / UDP madoko, dongosolo Internet makalata. Seva ntchito imelo (kutumiza ndi kulandira), ndipo ambiri amafuna misonkhano ya ziwiri. The utumiki choyamba ntchito yonyamula makalata ndi maseva ena. Izi zimatheka kudzera Simple Mail Choka Protocol (SMTP). Monga ulamuliro, ntchito utumiki akumvetsera pa TCP-SMTP doko nambala 25 kuti pokonza zopempha ukubwera. msonkhano wina ndi soda (kwathunthu - Post Office Protocol) kapena IMAP (kapena Internet Protocol Uthenga Access) chimene chili chofunika ntchito kasitomala kwa imelo kwa makina owerenga 'kulandira imelo Seva. Pop amapatutsidwa Services zipinda ndi TCP-doko 110. The ntchito pamwamba mukhoza kuthamanga pa khamu kompyuta chomwecho. Zikatero, doko chiwerengero chimasiyanitsa utumiki apempha chipangizo lakutali - PC wosuta kapena wina aliyense makalata Seva.

Ngakhale makina kumvetsera doko nambala bwino kumatanthauza (IANA amawaitana madoko odziwika bwino), njira kasitomala nthawi zambiri anasankhidwa kuchokera pa osiyanasiyana amphamvu. Nthawi zina, makasitomala payekha ndi makina ntchito yeniyeni TCP-madoko anatumizidwa ku IANA. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi DHCP, pamene makasitomala milandu onse pogwiritsa ntchito UDP 68, ndi makina - UDP 67.

Gwiritsani ntchito ulalo-adiresi

Port manambala ndi zina bwino kuonekera pa Intaneti, kapena ena yunifolomu Resource Locator (URL). Ndi kusakhulupirika, HTTP amagwiritsa TCP-doko 80 ndi HTTPS - 443. Komabe, pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana zina. Mwachitsanzo, ulalo-adiresi http://www.example.com:8080/path/ limasonyeza kuti Web osatsegula chikugwirizana kwa 8080 mmalo mwa Seva HTTP.

List of TCP ndi UDP madoko

Monga tanenera kale, Internet anatumizidwa Numeri Authority (IANA) ali ndi Udindo mgwirizano padziko lonse DNS-Muzu, IP-adiresi ndi zina chuma Internet protocol. Izi zikuphatikizapo kulembetsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito doko manambala mautumiki odziwika Internet.

manambala doko anawagawa ranges atatu: odziwika bwino mayina ndi zazikulu, kapena mwachinsinsi. Odziwika (amatchedwanso dongosolo) - ali ndi manambala kuyambira Zofunika 0 kuti 1023. kwa oikidwa atsopano osiyanasiyana ichi ndi kuyeza kuposa nkhani zina.

Wotchuka Zitsanzo

Zitsanzo zimene zili pa mndandanda monga:

• TCP doko 443: HTTP Wabwino (HTTPS).
• 21: kaundula Choka Protocol (a FTP).
• 22: Wabwino Nkhono (SSH).
• 25: Simple Mail Choka Protocol (SMTP).
• 53: ankalamulira dzina System (DNS).
• 80: Hypertext Choka Protocol (HTTP).
• 119: Network News Choka Protocol (NNTP).
• 123: Network protocol nthawi (NTP) ..
• 143: Internet Uthenga Access Protocol (IMAP)
• 161: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 1.
• 94: Internet kulandirana Chat (IRC).

M'madoko Mwalamulo monga manambala kuyambira 1024 kuti 49151. IANA amakhala mndandanda boma la magulu kudziwika ndi mayina. Mphamvu kapena mwachinsinsi - kuchokera 49152 kuti 65535. wina ntchito zosiyanasiyana izi madoko ephemeral.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

doko chiwerengero mfundo analengedwa oyambirira kutukula ARPANET pansi mogwirizana mwamwayi wa olemba mapulogalamu ndi dongosolo olamulira.

Mawu akuti "doko" sichinayambe ntchito mu kanthawi. Nambapuleti khamu akutali anali nambala 40-bit. Choyamba 32 Tinthu anali ofanana lero IPv4-adiresi, koma zofunika kwambiri anali woyamba 8 Akamva. The mbali yaikulu ya chiwerengero (Tinthu 33 40) amatanthauza chinthu china, wotchedwa AEN. Izi ndi zinachitika la masiku doko chiwerengero.

March 26, 1972 anali oyamba akamufunsirire chilengedwe cha Directory cha manambala zitsulo mu RFC 322. woyang'anira maukonde otchedwa kufotokoza iliyonse chipinda mpaka kalekale ntchito zake ndi ntchito maukonde. m'ndandanda uwu pambuyo pake m'magawo RFC 433 mu December 1972, komanso mndandanda wa makamu, doko manambala awo ndi kugwira ntchito wokwanira ntchito pa wina ndi mfundo mu maukonde. Mu May 1972, boma manambala kopita doko kwa nthawi yoyamba zalembedwa, ntchito maukonde, ndiponso imapereka ntchito yapadera utsogoleri kukhalabe kaundula uyu.

Mndandanda woyamba wa TCP-doko 256 AEN anali makhalidwe anagawidwa ranges zotsatirazi:

• 0 kuti 63: mbali muyezo kudutsa maukonde
• 64 kwa 127: Nchito khamu pokha
• 128 kwa 239: kugwilitsidwa nchito tsogolo
• Kuchokera 240 mpaka 255: mbali iliyonse experimental.

Telnet utumiki walandira woyamba boma ntchito mfundo 1. Mu masiku oyambirira a ARPANET akuti AEN amatchedwanso dzina la zitsulo imene ankagwiritsa ntchito ndi kugwirizana choyambirira protocol (MSP) ndi chigawo chimodzi cha pulogalamu maukonde kasamalidwe (NCP). Choncho NCP anali wotsogolera ndondomeko lero Internet ntchito madoko TCP / IP.