Russian chithunzi amisiri ndi ntchito zawo

Russian chithunzi zojambulajambula anaonekera pa chiyambi cha 14 AD m'ma. Opanga burashi nthawi ndi ndalama zochepa, chotero zambiri agwiritsa ntchito stylization. Iwo sakanakhoza adzatchedwa surrealism, koma zithunzi ndithu amadwala kupanda chidwi tsatanetsatane. Kenako amisiri Russian chithunzi ndi ntchito zawo wakhala refocused pa kalembera wa mipingo. Amisiri wa kupatulika kwa mpanda penti ndi kudenga matchalitchi ambiri aang'ono.

Kumayambiriro chithunzi luso

Russian chithunzi amisiri ndi zojambula zawo ndi zinthu zawo zapadera, akhala anazindikira - aliyense wojambula kunachokera kalembedwe wake ntchito, kuwonjezera, iye ulemu monga ansembe ndi molimba mtima.

Nthumwi yowala kwambiri nthawi - Andrei Rublev (1370-1428), amene anasiya ntchito osabvunda: "Khristu Pantocrator", "Angelo Michael", "Utatu", "Paulo Woyera" ndi katswiri wina chithunzi kupenta.

Rublev anakhalapo m'nthawi ya wotchuka chizindikiro zojambulajambula Feofan Grek (1340-1410). Kwa nthawi yaitali iwo ankagwira ntchito limodzi. Mu 90s wa ojambula zithunzi m'ma 14 utoto Cathedral wa Annunciation lapansi. The Ntchito ndi zina Russian chithunzi zojambulajambula. Ntchito wakhala aakulu. Major zithunzi Deesis gawo analemba Feofan Grek, ndi "ulosi" ndi kumtunda kwa mutu wakuti "kholo" zojambulidwa ndi Andeya Rubleva. umboni mwakuya kuti zikusonyeza kuti zinalembedwa ndi manyazi a mzere pansi mafano lalikulu, ayi, koma dzanja la munthu wodziwa chizindikiro zojambulajambula, anazindikira ndi ntchito zimenezi.

ambuye oyambirira portraiture

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 14, mafuta zojambula njira bwino penapake chifukwa maonekedwe tonkotertyh utoto.

Russian chithunzi amisiri wa nthawi:

• Dionisiy (1440-1502), mfumu ankakonda Ivan III. Mfumu ntchito mlandu chithunzicho utoto ena a kachisi, ndipo nthawi anapita chizindikiro zojambulajambula ndipo anaonerera ntchito.
• Alexey Zubov (1682-1750) - mbuye yaikulu ya Russian chosema luso la lothandiza a Peter Woyamba. Iye anagwira ntchito limodzi ndi bambo ake, chabwino chizindikiro zojambulajambula Fedorom Zubovym. Pamodzi iwo utoto amadutsa popita Kosungira Zida Komiti ya Moscow Kremlin.
• Nikitin Ivan (1680-1742) - Russian zojambulajambula, mmodzi wa ambuye woyamba Russian wa portraiture, ophunzira mu Europe. Iye ali mu malo apadera mu Peter Wamkulu. Wotchuka ntchito chithunzicho - zithunzi za Polish Mfumu August II ndi Duke wa Mecklenburg.

Russian chithunzi zojambula za m'ma 18

Master burashi Kale, monga ulamuliro, chinkhoswe ndi chithunzi mpingo. Komabe, m'zaka 18 inali nthawi ya kubadwa kwa chithunzi luso mawonekedwe ake kopambana, monga zojambulajambula pa lona amasonyeza chifaniziro cha munthu. Russian chithunzi zojambulajambula pa nthawi imene inachitika sukulu chakale zaluso chabwino, zokhudza kubereka yeniyeni tsatanetsatane abwino. Mu portraiture, njira imeneyi ndi yabwino yankho ntchito anatumizidwa Executive wa - kukwaniritsa fano, choncho kuti anasenza zizindikilo zonse luso kalembedwe ndipo anali lofunika kwambiri. ntchito zikuoneka kuti ndithu yolemetsa ndi udindo. Komabe wotchuka Russian chithunzi zojambulajambula mwangwiro kupirira izo. Malangizo anali zambiri, lonse bwalo otchuka ndi a guilds wamalonda mopikisana analamula zithunzi za iye ndi banja lake.

anthu olemera ankakonda kuitana amisiri kunyumba kwake, monga mu nkhani iyi, banja lonse penyani ndondomeko, ndipo amaona maonekedwe abwino. Russian chithunzi zojambulajambula ntchito moyo wolemera, choncho amayesa kutenga malamulo ambili. Ngati kumapeto kwa mutu ntchito fano banja ngati mamembala onse a banja, wojambula adalandira kuti yotsatira m'nyumba imodzi. Choncho, Russian chithunzi zojambulajambula Iye anali mu ankafuna anthu mkulu ndi kukhala wopanda ntchito. The ojambula zithunzi bwino kwambiri anatiitana ku chipinda achifumu kuchita ntchito yovuta.

The heyday wa portraiture

Pamene luso kupenta, nthawi ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, mu Russia pali luso ojambula zithunzi zambiri.

Russian chithunzi zojambula za m'ma 18:

• Antropov Alexei (1716-1795) - wotchuka Russian chithunzi zojambulajambula, nawo ulemerero wa Zima Palace mu 1744-mamita ndi Tsarskoye Selo mu 1749. Motsogozedwa wake, aluso utoto Mpingo St. Andrew ku Kiev. Kuyambira 1761 Antropov yemwe amatengedwa kupita Orthodox Synod monga mkulu ntchito woyang'anira wodziwika bwino. Mu mbiri ya Russian luso wojambula anabwera monga nthawi luso portraitist Petro.
• Borovikovskiy Vladimir (1757-1825) anabadwa mu Mirgorod. Iye anali wodziwika pambuyo msonkhano ndi Catherine Wachiwiri, amene anagonjetsa ku Crimea mu 1787. chithunzicho wakhala utoto wina wa zachifumu m'njira ya Mfumukazi, ndipo zinaoneka. Catherine anasonyeza chidwi ndi Borovykovs'kogo kupereka ndalama, umene kenako anapita ku St. Petersburg.
• Venetsianov Alex (1780-1847) - Russian wojambula, anayambitsa chiwembu mu mtundu wanyimbo wa portraiture. Iye amadziwika chifukwa cha ntchito yake "Chithunzicho wa Amayi," zinalembedwa mu 1801. Anaphunzira luso kupenta ku chithunzicho Borovikovsky.
• Kiprensky Orest (1782-1836) - wojambula kwambiri amene debuted mu 1804 ndi chithunzi cha A. K. Valbe, lomwe linalembedwa mu kalembedwe Rembrandt. Wotchuka ntchito "EV Davydov", unakhazikitsidwa mu 1809, walimbitsa mbiri ya chithunzicho. nsalu zokha ayi ambiri Kiprensky akusungidwa Tretyakov Gallery.
• Tropinin Vasily (1776-1857) - Russian wojambula, amene anakhala wotchuka pambuyo chithunzi ndi AS Pushkin analamula ndi wolemba ndakatulo yekha. kupenta zinali zoti akazipereke S. A. Sobolevskogo, bwenzi la Alexander. Chithunzicho kukhala fano tingachipeze powerenga za ndakatulo lalikulu la nthawi zonse.

Chithunzicho luso m'ma 19

Russian chithunzi zojambula za m'ma 19 - gulu la ojambula zithunzi aluso amene atembenukira kwa mtundu wanyimbo wa anthu nkhope fano. Anthu ambiri otchuka ndi:

• Neff Timofey (1805-1876) - wotsatira wa kalembedwe maphunziro zojambulajambula, chithunzi mbiri. Iye anaphunzira kupenta pa Dresden luso sekondale. Mu 1826 anasamukira ku St. Petersburg, kumene yomweyo anatchuka kwambiri ndi kulemba mndandanda wa zithunzi za anthu otchuka. Pa 1837th ndinapita pa ulendo wautali kudutsa Russia kuti ndizolowere wowerengeka hinterland ndi moyo wa anthu wamba. Nditabwerera utoto Mpingo wa Zima Palace, wotchuka "MGONERO" Ndinali mwa ntchito zimenezi. Iye analandira professorship kwa kupenta wa Cathedral St. Isake, nthawi yomweyo anakhala woyang'anira wa Hermitage luso zomera.
• Zaharov Petr (1816-1846) - Russian chithunzi zojambulajambula ndi tsoka lalikulu. mnyamata wazaka anapezeka anasiya m'mudzi Chechen wa Dadi-Yurt. Russian General Yermolov anatenga mwanayo osamalira ana amasiye. Atazindikira luso kudzatunga mwana wakeyu, anapereka pang'ono Petya maphunziro chithunzi zojambulajambula Lvu Volkovu. Mu 1836 Zakharov maphunziro Inde pa Academy of Tirhana na analandira udindo wa wojambula ufulu.
• Makarov Ivan (1822-1897) - Russian zojambulajambula, kwa nthawi yaitali moyo kulenga analemba zojambula ambiri. ntchito zake, ndipo zithunzi, kuphatikizapo mwa iwo panthawi zosiyanasiyana, ali mu Tretyakov Gallery, ndi Russian Museum, Academy of Wabwino Tirhana na maholo chionetsero mu Russia. Mu 1844, Makarov anasamukira ku St. Petersburg, kumene anapambana kuzindikira anthu matauni.

Zojambula-portraitist Tyranov

Russian portraitist (1808-1859), ankachita nawo ntchito chithunzi-kupenta. Mu 1824, iye anakomana ndi wojambula Venetsianov, amene anafotokoza za mnyamata mu sukulu yake ya kupenta, ndi pamene maphunziro, anapereka Tyranova wophunzira pa Art Academy. Tsoka winanso wa zojambulajambula wamng'ono zachitika bwinobwino adalandira zing'onozing'ono zagolide Mendulo ku Academy mu 1836, anayamba kuphunzira pa lolemekezeka Karl Briullov. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake "Bakuman ndi maseche," iye anapatsidwa udindo wa academician. Ngakhale mu Roma, analemba zojambula yake yaikulu: "Mtsikana iwe, Finyani madzi kuchokera tsitsi," "Mngelo ndi azitona nthambi", "Mayi wa Mose pa Nile". Ndiye, atabwerera ku St. Petersburg wojambula, wojambula anavutika mndandanda wa ndifotokoze mavuto, ndipo anakhala wopemphapempha. Ine anapeza malo ogona kunyumba ya m'bale wake mu mzinda wa Kashin. Pali Tyranov ndipo anamwalira ali ndi zaka 51.

Wapamwamba kuposa aliyense zida chithunzi

Zaryanko SERGEY (1818-1870) - zodabwitsa Russian chithunzi zojambulajambula, wotchuka chifukwa kusewera yakeyake yosatheka kuneneka kuwala ndi mthunzi pa nsalu zokha ayi wake. njira chithunzicho ndiye kotero kutchulidwa kuti dziko mkati mwa munthu zotsatirazi pa lona, ngati anataya chuma mumthunzi ndi malankhulidwe. Total Zaryanko analemba za zithunzi zana, ambiri mwa tadzipereka kwa mfumu, banja lake ndi khoti otchuka.

Wophunzira wa mbuye

Zhodeyko Leonid (1827-1879) - Russian chithunzi-zojambulajambula, wophunzira wa Moscow ndi St. Petersburg wojambula Zaryanko Markov mphunzitsi wa Academy of Tirhana. Iye anajambula makamaka zithunzi za akazi. Iye analandira udindo wa academician kwa kupenta "Bakuman osamba". Iye anali ophunzira zonse chionetserocho umene unachitika mu mothandizidwa ndi Academy of Wabwino Tirhana wa St. Petersburg.

Wojambula kalembedwe modabwitsa

Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich (1837-1887) - yotamandika kwambiri mwini portraiture, murals chipembedzo, mtundu wanyimbo chithunzi. Mlembi wa zojambula chosonyeza olemba otchuka, ojambula zithunzi, zisudzo, mwa iwo anali: L. N. Tolstoy (1883 TH), INE Saltykov-Shchedrin (1879 TH), I. I. Shishkin (1873 TH), S. P. Botkin (1880 TH), P. M. Tretyakov (1876 TH).

moyo wonse wojambula unachitikira ndi akatswiri modabwitsa subtext ntchito yake, makamaka noticeable mu zojambula chithunzi: "Unknown", "Na Nekrasov," "sakutonthozeka Chisoni" imene zinalengedwa nthawi kuchokera 1877 mpaka 1884. katswiri Awa ali mu Tretyakov Gallery.

zithunzi Luso m'zaka za m'ma 20

The mzaka zana makumi awiri anali ovuta nthawi kwa Russia. mavuto a zandale, nkhondo ziwiri wamagazi unakhudzadi awo pa chitukuko dziko. Koma luso bwino lomwe nakhalanso pambuyo zojambula nkhondo, kuphatikizapo chithunzi a. Ojambula zithunzi anali ochepa, koma iwo onse linakhazikitsa sukulu zabwino.

Russian amisiri wa portraitists m'ma 20:

• Chichewa Kozlov - Soviet chithunzi zojambulajambula, anabadwa mu 1926, anamaliza maphunziro Yaroslavl Art School, ndiye kosi ya penti Repin Leningrad Institute. Mu 1956, bungwe anapereka maphunziro ake nkhani yolembedwa "Kodi moyo!" Iye ndi membala wa Union of ojambula kuyambira 1957. Nkhani yaikulu zilandiridwenso Kozlov - zithunzi za m'nthawi.
• Lomakin Oleg - chithunzi-zojambulajambula nyengo Soviet, anabadwa mu 1924. Iye chinkhoswe mu Leningrad luso sukulu, ndiye - mu Zonse-Russian Academy of Tirhana. Mu 1942 usilikali mu Red Army, kumenyana pa Kursk, amene anavulazidwa ndipo anawachotsa usilikali tithe. Tione, penti ndi chithunzicho, anasonyeza pa zisudzo kuyambira 1952.
• Nevelshtein Samuel (1904-1983) - chithunzi-zojambulajambula, maphunziro VHUTEMAS. Chifukwa cha ntchito ziboliboli zingapo. Nkhani yaikulu zilandiridwenso Nevelshtein anali zithunzi za m'nthawi yake. Portraitist unachitikira asanu payekha zisudzo, iwo anali mu Leningrad, bwanji woyamba unachitika mu 1944.
• Oreshnikov Viktor (1904-1987) - Soviet zojambulajambula ndi portraitist. Chithunzi anthu a Soviet Union, wopambana awiri mphoto Stalin. Mu ntchito ya mumalamulira nkhani pa zikayenda bwino chuma cha dziko, ndi zithunzi za anthu a m'nthawi yake.
• Shilov dzina lake Aleksandr - Russian chithunzi-zojambulajambula, anabadwa mu 1943. Mlengi wa wapadera zithunzi za mbiri lathu. Zochitika mu moyo wapoyera, membala wa bungwe Public pansi Pulezidenti Russian.

Wotchuka ojambula zithunzi za chithunzi mtundu wanyimbo

zaka mazana asanu kuchokera maonekedwe a zithunzi, mibadwo ingapo aluso. Kuwonjezera amisiri tanenera kale, pali zambiri ambuye ena.

iwo ali - Russian chithunzi zojambula? Lembani iwo zofunikila pansipa.

m'ma 18:

• Musikiyskiy Grigoriy Semenovich, khoti chithunzi zojambulajambula.
• Gzel Georg, mmisiri Swiss amene akhala ntchito mu Russia.
• Nikitin Ivan Nikitich, bwalo zojambulajambula.
• Vishnyakov Ivan Yakovlevich, portraitist wa apamwamba.
• Kolokolnikov Mina Lukic, dziko wojambula.
• Matveev Andrey Matveyevich bwalo portraitist.

m'ma 19:

• Ugryumov Grigoriy Ivanovich, wamba zojambulajambula.
• Ivanov Andrey Ivanovich, mfulu chithunzi-zojambulajambula.
• Orlovsky, dzina lake Aleksandr Osipovich wojambula otchuka.
• Sokolov Peter Fedorovich, portraitist kuti apamwamba.