Prokaryotes: kapangidwe ndi mbali ya moyo

M'nkhaniyi tiona kapangidwe ka prokaryotes ndi eukaryotes. Tizilombo timeneti ndi milingo yosiyana gulu. Chifukwa cha ichi - mbali structural wa mudziwe chibadwa.

Features ya kapangidwe ka maselo prokaryotic

Prokaryotes otchedwa zamoyo onse amene maselo muli mtima. Oimira asanu chi Samuel zinyama a iwo chinthu chimodzi chokha - Mabakiteriya. Prokaryotes, dongosolo limene tiganizire, mulinso oimira buluu wobiriwira algae ndi archaea.

Ngakhale kupanda maselo formalized pachimake, nkhani majini iwo ali. Zimenezi zimathandiza kusunga ndi popereka mauthenga chibadwa, koma zimasokoneza zosiyanasiyana za kubalana. Kusewera prokaryotes zonse amapezeka ndi kugawa iwo m'zipinda awiri. Ndi mitosis ndi meiosis iwo sangathe.

Kapangidwe ka prokaryotic ndi eukaryotic

Features ya kapangidwe ka prokaryotes ndi eukaryotes, amene ali womveka, ndithu yokulirapo. Kuwonjezera kapangidwe ka zinthu chibadwa, izi imakhudzanso organelles ambiri. Eukaryotes, monga zomera, bowa ndi nyama, muli mu cytoplasm mitochondria, Golgi zida, endoplasmic reticulum, plastids ambiri. Mu prokaryotes, iwo akuphonya. Mpanda selo, umene uli ndi iwo, ndi ena, osiyana mipweya. Akanika, izo wapangidwa ndi chakudya zovuta, pectin kapena murein, pamene zomera akuchokera mapadi, ndi bowa - chitin.

History of anapeza

Features ya kapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito kwa prokaryotes anadziwika asayansi ndi m'zaka za m'ma 17. Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti nyama analipo pa dziko kuyambira penipeni. Mu 1676 anali woyamba anafufuza ndi maso kuwala ndi mlengi wake Antoni Van Levenguk. Monga zamoyo zonse tosaoneka ndi maso, wasayansi anawatcha "animalikulami". Mawu akuti "mabakiteriya" anaonekera kokha m'zaka za m'ma 19. Iwo anapereka odziwika German zachilengedwe Mkhristu Ehrenberg. Mawu akuti "prokaryotes" anabwera mochedwa, mu nthawi ya chilengedwe cha elekitironi maso. Ndipo poyamba, asayansi anatsimikiza kuti kusiyana kapangidwe ka zida za chibadwa maselo a zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. E. Chatton mu 1937 akufuna kuti kuphatikiza pa maziko a zamoyo m'magulu awiri: sanakwiye ndi eukaryotes. mugawo ili alipo lero. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 20 anatulukira kusiyana pakati prokaryotes okha: archaea ndi mabakiteriya.

Features a padziko chipangizo

Pamwamba prokaryotes zida imakhala nembanemba ndi khungu khoma. Aliyense wa mbali awa ali makhalidwe yake. Kakhungu awo aumbike mwa wosanjikiza awiri a lipids ndi mapuloteni. Prokaryotes, amene dongosolo m'malo wosazindikira, mitundu iwiri ya kapangidwe selo khoma. Choncho, mabakiteriya galamu HIV izo wapangidwa makamaka a peptidoglycan, ali ndi makulidwe 80 nm ndiponso litsatira Kakhungu lapansi. Mbali khalidwe la nyumba imeneyi ndi kukhalapo kwa pores m'menemo kudzera amene likulowerera angapo mamolekyulu. Selo khoma la galamu mabakiteriya ndi zoonda - kuti munthu pazipita 3 nm. Ndi pafupi Kakhungu yowirira. Ena oimira prokaryotes akadali kunja ndi mucous kapisozi. Kumatetezera thupi ku kuyanika, kuwononga makina, amalenga zina osmotic chotchinga.

prokaryotes organelles

selo Kapangidwe ka prokaryotes ndi eukaryotes ali kusiyana kwambiri, zomwe makamaka zigwirizana pamaso pa organelles ena. nyumba awa sadzatha kudziwa mlingo wa zamoyo wonse. Mu prokaryotes, ambiri a iwo zikusowa. Mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe ku maselo amenewa chikuchitika ribosomes. Mu prokaryotes m'madzi muli aerosomy. cavities Izi mpweya kupereka buoyancy kusintha mlingo wa zamoyo kumiza. Only maselo prokaryotic muli mesosoma. Izi makutu cytoplasmic Kakhungu kudzachitika pokhapo pamene ntchito njira mankhwala fixation pa kukonzekera maselo prokaryotic ndi wamamamayikirosikopu. Organelle kayendedwe tizilombo archaea ndi cilia kapena michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Ndi ubwenzi gawo lapansi apitirize kumwa. nyumba izi popangidwa ndi injini mapuloteni yamphamvu, amatchedwanso villi ndi fimbriae.

Kodi nucleoid

Koma kusiyana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka prokaryotic ndi eukaryotic mbewu. uthengawu ku maselo ogwidwa ndi zamoyo zonse izi. Mu eukaryotes, izo chokongoletsedwa mkati phata la. Izi organelle dvumembrannaya ali masanjidwewo yake, wotchedwa nucleoplasm, chromatin ndi khungu. Pali ikuchitika osati kusunga mfundo chibadwa, komanso kaphatikizidwe wa mamolekyulu RNA. The nucleoli ali kenako anaumba subunits wa ribosomes - ndi organelles udindo kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni.

Kapangidwe ka chibadwa prokaryotic mosavuta. mfundozo majini limaoneka munda nucleoid kapena nyukiliya. DNA mu prokaryotes si mmatumba mu DNA ndipo ndi chatsekedwa dongosolo annular. The zikuchokera mulinso mamolekyulu nucleoid RNA ndi mapuloteni. Mbali Recent amafanana histones eukaryotic. Iwo nawo anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri wa DNA ndi, RNA kaphatikizidwe, kapangidwe mankhwala ndi kubwezeretsa mipata zidulo mkati.

Features a moyo

Prokaryotes, amene kapangidwe ndi Kuvuta osiyana, kuchita njira mwachilungamo zovuta za moyo. chakudya, kupuma, kubalana a mtundu zawo, kayendedwe, kagayidwe ... Ndipo zonse izi chingathe chimodzi chokha tosaoneka cell amene miyeso osiyanasiyana monga 250 mamilimita! Nanga bwanji primitiveness ndi zitha kukhala wachibale.

Features ya kapangidwe ka prokaryotes chifukwa ndi njira ya Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa awo. Mwachitsanzo, iwo amatha kutulutsa mphamvu m'njira zitatu. Choyamba ndi nayonso mphamvu. Iwo ikuchitika mabakiteriya ena. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi ndi redox anachita zimene ATP ndi apanga molekyulu. Izi pawiri mankhwala, amene akuwaza mu magawo angapo mphamvu adzamasulidwa. Choncho, amangonena kuti "khungu batire". A njira lina kupuma. Akamanena za ndondomeko imeneyi chagona pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni zinthu organic. Ena prokaryotes angathe photosynthesis. Zitsanzo zake ndi buluu wobiriwira algae ndi mabakiteriya wofiirira okhala plastids maselo. Koma Archaea angathe osakhala wotchedwa chlorophyll photosynthesis. Pa ndondomekoyi, palibe fixation wa carbon dioxide, ndi ATP molekyulu yokha anapanga. Choncho zoona, panopa phosphorylation.

mtundu wa chakudya

Mabakiteriya ndi archaea - ndi prokaryote, dongosolo Izi zimawathandiza kukhala ndi mphamvu ndi njira zosiyana. Ena a iwo autotrophs. Tizilombo timeneti okha lithe mankhwala organic pa dzuwa. Mu maselo amenewa prokaryotic ndi chlorophyll. Ena mabakiteriya kupeza mphamvu komanso yogawanika ena organic mankhwala. mtundu awo chakudya otchedwa chemotrophic. Oyimira a gulu limeneli ndi chitsulo - ndi sulfure mabakiteriya. Ena kuyamwa yekha yomalizidwa pawiri. Iwo akutchedwa heterotrophs. Ambiri a iwo amakhala ndi moyo parasitic ndi moyo yekha mkati maselo a zolengedwa zina. inanso gulu ichinso ndi saprotrophs. Iwo kudya zinthu zotha kapena kuvunda organic. Monga mukuonera, njira prokaryotes mphamvu ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti yogawa awo lonse mu malo onse.

mitundu ya kubalana

Prokaryotes, kapangidwe ka woimiridwa ndi selo imodzi, kuchulukitsa ndi kugawikana ake m'magulu awiri kapena budding. Mbali imeneyi ndi chifukwa dongosolo awo majini ndi zida. Bayinare ndondomeko fission ali yoyamba anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri, kapena DNA kugawanika. Pankhaniyi mkati asidi molekyulu ndi woyamba kanthu, ndipo aliyense timafupa ndi lingafanane pa mfundo za mapolojekiti. The tokwanira chifukwa mogwirizana kwa mizati. maselo kuwonjezera kukula, unali pakati constriction ndi kupititsa patsogolo alekane komaliza amapezeka. Ena mabakiteriya komanso amatha kupanga maselo a asexual kubalana - spores.

Mabakiteriya ndi Archaea: mbali

Kwa nthawi yaitali, pamodzi ndi mabakiteriya archaea anali oimira Ufumu Monera. Ndithudi, iwo ndi ofanana mbali ambiri structural. Izi makamaka kukula ndi mawonekedwe a maselo awo. Komabe, maphunziro amuzolengedwa asonyeza kuti ndi zinthu zingapo zochititsa ofanana ndi eukaryotes. Izi chikhalidwe cha michere pansi kanthu zomwe ndondomeko ya kaphatikizidwe RNA ndi mapuloteni mamolekyulu.

Mwa njira kudyetsa anthu ambiri a iwo ndi chemotroph. Komanso, zinthu zimene lamamatira m'kati kupeza mphamvu archaea zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Izi chakudya komanso amoniya, ndi mankhwala zitsulo. Pali mwa archaea ndi autotrophs. Nthawi zambiri iwo m'chiyanjano symbiotic. Majeremusi mwa archaea ayi. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu chikhalidwe ndi commensals Mutualists. Mbali yoyamba, archaea imayambira ndi nkhani khamu, koma musati mubwere naye vuto lililonse. Mosiyana ndi mtundu wa mgwirizano ndi ubwino mutualistic analandira zamoyo zonse ziwiri. Ena a iwo metagenami. archaea amenewa padziko dongosolo m'mimba ya anthu ndi ruminant nyama, kuchititsa mpweya kwambiri lomenyera intestine lapansi. Tizilombo timeneti kuchulukitsa bayinare fission, ikuphukira kapena kugawikana.

Archaea kuti katswiri pafupifupi onse malo. Ali makamaka osiyanasiyana mu zomera ndi. Poyamba, onse archaea a gulu la extremophiles chifukwa amatha kukhala akasupe a madzi otentha ndipo mu malo ndi amenewa mkulu, ndi kuzama, ndi kuthamanga ndithu.

Mtengo wa prokaryotic mu chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa anthu

Udindo wa prokaryotes mu chikhalidwe n'zofunika kwambiri. Choyamba, iwo ali woyamba zamoyo chinayambira pa dziko. Asayansi apeza kuti tizilombo archaea anaonekera biliyoni 3.5 zaka zapitazo. Symbiogenesis chiphunzitso zikusonyeza kuti ana awo ndi ena organelles maselo eukaryotic. Makamaka, tikulankhula za plastids ndi mitochondria.

prokaryotes ambiri ntchito umisiri kubala mankhwala, mankhwala, michere, mahomoni, feteleza ndi herbicides. Munthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito katundu opindulitsa mabakiteriya lactic asidi kwa kupanga tchizi, yogurt, yogurt, mankhwala thovu. Ndi zamoyo izi kudzera amatunga kuyeretsa ndi nthaka kuvala zitsulo zosiyana siyana. Mabakiteriya kupanga matumbo microflora anthu ndi nyama zambiri. Pamodzi ndi archaea amasonyeza mkombero zinthu zambiri: asafe, chitsulo, sulfure, ndi wa hydrogen.

Komano, mabakiteriya ambiri causative nthumwi za matenda oopsa malamulo chiwerengero cha mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera. Iwo ndi mliri, chindoko, kolera, tizilombo ta matenda, diphtheria.

Chotero anaitana zamoyo prokaryotes amene maselo alibe mtima chikalata. mfundozo majini lili nucleoid wopangidwa mwa DNA zozungulira. Kuyambira zamoyo masiku ano prokaryotes monga mabakiteriya ndi archaea.