Soda - ichi m'munsi kapena ayi? ndi katundu chiyani?

Kodi asidi kapena mchere zace, ambiri odziwika bwino. N'zovuta kupeza munthu amene si atagwira botolo la vinyo wosasa kapena ntchito mu moyo chakudya, popanda amene pafupifupi chakudya zikuwoneka mwatsopano ndi zoipa. Koma kodi sopo? Izi zili chimodzimodzi monga m'munsi, kapena ayi? N'chifukwa chiyani tikutero ku chidulo? mafunso ngati amenewa kungatithandize chitsa aliyense, choncho tikhutire polimbikitsa chidziwitso kuti munali mu sukulu.

Soda - ndi chiyani ichi?

Choyamba, pawiri zitsulo ndi madzi mankhwala otchedwa hydroxides. Thunthu la mtundu uwu, ndi ammonium, soda kapena zamchere lapansi zitsulo, amadziwika kuti ndi soda. Poyankha, m'munsi - ndi electrolyte M'gululi, kuwonjezera pa ayoni hydroxide (o ^-), palibe anions ena. Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti soda - ndi aliyense sungunuka m'munsi. Kupanga ngati chitsulo hydroxide mulole subgroups Ia ndi IIa (amene anabwera pambuyo kashiamu). Zitsanzo za mankhwala amenewa ndi sodium sopo (NaOH chilinganizo), bariat ndi sodium (Ba (o) _2), potaziyamu hydroxide (KOH), cesium hydroxide (CsOH), etc. Iwo akuyimira olimba woyera mankhwala, amene yodziwika ndi hygroscopicity mkulu.

katundu alkalis

Kuvunda mu madzi mankhwala amenewa limodzi ndi kutentha m'badwo ndithu. Mu Gulu Ia soda wamphamvu - ndi cesium hydroxide ndi Gulu IIa - Analandira hydroxide. Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa kugwirizana ofooka angathe kutumikira amoniya ndi slaked laimu. alkalis Caustic ndi sungunuka Mowa ndi methanol. Mu boma olimba zinthu zonsezi kuyamwa madzi mpweya ndi mpweya ndi pang'onopang'ono lidzasinthidwa carbonates. Chuma chofunika kwambiri soda ndi kuti chifukwa cha zimene anachita ake ndi mchere asidi anapanga - Mbali imeneyi anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu makampani. Kudzera kugwirizana kudzatha magetsi, choncho amachita ntchito ngati electrolytes. Konzekerani ntchito electrolysis wa chlorides soda kapena mwa kuchita oxides zitsulo soda ndi madzi. makampani ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyamba ndi yachiwiri ntchito makamaka kubala slaked laimu. M'malo zamchere, amasungunula mafuta, ndi chuma ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga sopo. zingapo zapansi akhoza kuwononga zomera ndi nyama zimakhala, limakhumudwitsa khungu ndi kuwononga zovala. Alkalies akhoza kutani ndi zitsulo zina (mwachitsanzo zotayidwa), ndipo amatha kuteteza zitsulo ku dzimbiri. Iwo kugonjetsedwa ndi kutentha - hydroxide ndi sodium akhoza anasungunuka anabweretsa kwa chithupsa, koma sadzakhala kuwola ndinso. Izi ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi soda zapansi insoluble, ena amene (mwachitsanzo, hydroxide siliva) linawola ngakhale firiji. Komanso zidulo, zinthu zimenezi zimafuna chisamaliro chachikulu ndi zofuna okwera pa mwambo wa ayamikira chitetezo. Diso chitetezo pamene ntchito ndi sopo zambiri kuvala magalasi. Powasunga amaloledwa yekha mu zotengera wapadera - kumwa chotengera zimene sizikugwirizana.