Chemical katundu wa sulfure. Makhalidwe a sulfa ndi mfundo otentha

Sulfa ndi mchitidwe umene uli gulu ndi chimodzi tebulo zodziwitsa ndi nthawi yachitatu. M'nkhani ino tikambirana mankhwala ake ndi thupi katundu, zosonkhanitsira, ntchito ndi zina zotero. Khalidwe thupi ndi zochitika monga mtundu, mlingo wa madutsidwe magetsi, sulfure ndi otentha kutentha T. Q. Chemical chomwecho limafotokoza mogwirizana ake ndi zinthu zina.

ku maganizo a sayansi Sulfa

Ndi nkhani wosakhwima. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, ndi boma olimba. Sulfa ali ndi mtundu ndimu-chikasu. Ndipo kwakukulukulu onse a mankhwala ake ndi chikasu mithunzi. madzi si kupasuka. Iwo ali otsika matenthedwe ndi magetsi madutsidwe. zizindikiro zimenezi zimaonetsa ngati mmene sanali zitsulo. Ngakhale kuti mipweya ya sulfure ndi kumva, mankhwala akhoza kukhala yofanana angapo. Zidalira pa latisi galasi dongosolo, amene chikugwirizana kudzera maatomu, mamolekyulu, sindiwo.

Choncho, njira choyamba - rhombic sulfure. Ndi khola kwambiri. Mtundu wa kutentha sulfure kuwira madigiri mazana anayi makumi asanu Celsius. Koma kuti chinthu wadutsa mu boma gaseous, ndi woyamba kofunika kupereka madzi. Choncho, kusungunuka sulfure udzachitika pa kutentha zomwe ndi madigiri zana ndi khumi ndi zitatu Celsius.

Chachiwiri chimake - monoclinic sulfure. Ndi timibulu singano zooneka ndi mdima chikasu. Kusungunuka a mtundu woyamba wa sulfure, ndiye kuzirala ake pang'onopang'ono kumabweretsa mapangidwe a mtundu uwu. mtundu ali pafupi zofanana maonekedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kuwira mfundo sulfure wa mtundu uwu - onse chomwecho madigiri mazana anai makumi asanu. Komanso, pali zosiyanasiyana zinthu monga pulasitiki. Iwo akamagwira kuthira mu madzi ozizira, usavutike rhombic pafupi kuwira. Kuwira mfundo sulfure wa mawonekedwe ali yemweyo. Koma chinthu ali katundu kutambasula ngati jombo.

Wina zikuluzikulu za makhalidwe thupi limene Ndikufuna kunena - sulfure poyatsira kutentha. chiwerengerochi zingasiyane malingana ndi mtundu zakuthupi ndi magwero ake. Mwachitsanzo, luso sulfure poyatsira kutentha anali zana makumi asanu ndi anayi madigiri. Izi ndi wotsika ndithu chithunzi. Nthawi zina, pophulikira sulfure kungakhale madigiri mazana awiri forte-eyiti, ndipo ngakhale mazana awiri mphambu makumi asanu asanu. Izi zidalira pa kaya anali ncho, amene ali osalimba ndi chuma ndi. Koma n'zotheka kunena kuti kutentha sulfure kuyaka ndi mokwanira otsika poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina mankhwala, ndi flammable. Komanso, sulfure Nthawi zina amaphatikiza mamolekyulu ongokhala maatomu eyiti, zisanu ndi chimodzi, zinayi kapena awiri. Tsopano ankaona sulfure kuchokera amazionera a sayansi, kupita mu gawo lotsatira.

Chemical mapangidwe a sulfa

Amafotokozera ali wotsika atomiki kunenepa, ndi wofanana magalamu makumi awiri pa Mole. mchitidwe mbali sulfure zikuphatikizapo mbali ya thunthu kutha kukhala osiyana wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Izi isiyana Mwachitsanzo, haidrojeni kapena mpweya. Poganizira kufunsa zomwe makhalidwe mankhwala amafotokozera sulfure, sikutheka osanenapo kuti, malinga, limafotokoza mmene achire komanso oxidizing katundu. Kotero, kuti tione mogwirizana kwa thunthu ndi mankhwala osiyana mankhwala.

Sulfa ndi losavuta zinthu

Zambiri ndi iwo amene wapangidwa chinthu chimodzi chokha. maatomu ake pamodzi mwa molekyulu, monga Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani ya mpweya, kapena mwina amagwiritsa, monga momwe zilili ndi zitsulo. Choncho, sulfure angamvere ndi zitsulo zina sanali zitsulo ndi halogens.

Mogwirizana ndi zitsulo

Kugwiritsa mtundu uwu wa ndondomeko amafuna kutentha. Zikatero, pali Kuwonjezera anachita. Ndiko kuti, maatomu zitsulo amaphatikizidwa ndi ma atomu sulfure kupanga chinthu chovuta ndi sulfides lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati timadontho-timadontho awiri kutentha potassium kuyanjana ndi Mole limodzi la sulfa kupeza Mole mmodzi wa sulfide zitsulo. The aone kuti pali akhoza kulembedwa motere: 2K + S = K ₂ S.

Chisoni ndi mpweya

Iwo moto ndi sulfure. Chifukwa okusayidi ake aumbike mwa ndondomeko. Yotsirizira angakhale mitundu iwiri. Choncho, moto ndi sulfure zichitike kaŵiri. Origin - pamene Mole limodzi la sulfa ndi Mole wina wa mpweya pa Mfuko la anapanga Sulfa woipa. Nkhani imeneyi mankhwala anachita aone kuti pali motere: S + O ₂ = CHONCHO _2. Gawo lachiwiri - kujowina woipa wina ndi maatomu oxygen. Izi zimachitika ngati anawonjezera kuti timadontho-timadontho awiri a woipa sulfure pa Mole mpweya m'mikhalidwe mkulu kutentha. Chifukwa ndi timadontho-timadontho awiri Sulfa trioxide. The aone kuti pali zimachitika izi mankhwala ali motere: 2SO ₂ + ₂ = 2SO _3. Chifukwa cha zimene anachita zimenezi kumachititsa asidi sulfuric. Choncho, popeza anagwira ndondomeko awiri ananena kuti akhoza analilumpha trioxide analandira mwa ndege nthunzi. Ndipo ife kupeza asidi sulphate. The aone kuti pali zimenezi zingachitike zinalembedwa motere: CHONCHO ₃ + H ₂ O = H _{2 4.}

Mogwirizana ndi halogens

Chemical katundu wa sulfure, komanso ena omwe si zitsulo, kuwalola kuyankha kwa gulu ili la zinthu. Pamafunikanso mankhwala monga fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo. Sulfa amachitira ndi aliyense wa iwo, kupatula otsiriza. Mwachitsanzo, ife akuganiza fluorination ndondomeko ya nthawi mchitidwe tebulo. Ndi kutentha wa anati sanali chitsulo halogen fluoride tingawadziwe yofanana awiri. Mbali yoyamba: ngati wina wakulanda Mole imodzi Sulfa ndi timadontho-timadontho atatu a fluorine pa Mfuko la fluoride kupeza amene ndiyo njira SF _6. The aone kuti pali chiri motere: S + 3F ₂ = SF _6. Komanso, pali Yachiwiri: ngati wina wakulanda Mole limodzi la sulfa ndi timadontho-timadontho awiri fluorine pa Mole kupeza fluoride ndi mankhwala chilinganizo SF _4. The aone kuti pali kwalembedwa motere: S + 2F ₂ = SF _4. Monga mukuonera, izo zonse zimadalira kufanana imene zigawo zikuluzikulu ali osokonezeka. Mu njira yomweyo iwe ukhoza kugwira ndondomeko sulfure chlorination (angathe kupanga zinthu ziwiri zosiyana) kapena bromination.

Mogwirizana ndi zinthu zina losavuta

Pamenepo mchitidwe khalidwe sulfure ikutha. thunthu amathanso mankhwala anatani ndi hydrogenous phosphorous, ndi mpweya. Chifukwa mogwirizana ndi sulfide wa hydrogen anapanga acid. Chifukwa cha zimene anachita ake ndi zitsulo tingawadziwe sulfides awo, womwe, komanso anakonza mwachindunji ndi yatikhudza sulfure ndi zitsulo chomwecho. Inalowa maatomu ndi maatomu a hayidirojeni Sulfa kumachitika kokha pa kutentha kwambiri. Mu zimene sulfure ndi phosphorous ndi analiumba phosphide. Iwo ali chilinganizo: P ₂ S _3. Kupeza Mole mmodzi wa thunthu, m'pofunika kuti atenge timadontho-timadontho awiri ndi atatu a phosphorous timadontho-timadontho Sulfa. Pamene sulfure ndi anachitira ndi mpweya mitundu carbides ankaona nonmetal. chilinganizo ake mankhwala chiri motere: CS _2. Kuti mupeze Mole mmodzi wa thunthu, m'pofunika kuti atenge Mole mmodzi wa carbon ndi timadontho-timadontho awiri a sulfa. onse pamwamba-anafotokoza Kuwonjezera anachita kudzachitika pokhapo pansi chikhalidwe cha Kutentha kwa reactants kuti kutentha. Takambiranazi mogwirizana sulfure ndi zinthu zophweka, tsopano tichoke ku item lotsatira.

Sulfa ndi zovuta mankhwala

Zovuta ndi amene zinthu amene mamolekyulu zigwirizana zinthu ziwiri (kapena zambiri) osiyana. Chemical katundu sulfure kuwalola kuchita ndi mankhwala monga soda ndi kuikapo maganizo asidi sulphate. Ndi achilendo ndithu amadana ndi zinthu zimenezi. Choyamba, taganizirani zimene zimachitika pamene osokonezeka ndi soda pansi kulingalira nonmetal. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ife timadontho-timadontho asanu a hydroxide potaziyamu ndi kuwonjezera thereto timadontho-timadontho atatu sulfure, sulfide kupeza timadontho-timadontho awiri a potaziyamu pa Mole zitsulo sulphite ndi timadontho-timadontho atatu a madzi. Tingasonyezere mwa mtundu uwu anachita ndi anthu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: 6KON + 3S = 2K ₂ S + K2SO ₃ + 3H ₂ O. Yemweyo mogwirizana mfundo amapezeka powonjezera hydroxide ndi sodium. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane za khalidwe la sulfa ndi Kuwonjezera thereto wa moyikirapo asidi sulphate yankho. Ngati timatenga Mole oyamba ndi wachiwiri timadontho-timadontho awiri a mankhwala timapeza zinthu zotsatirazi: sulfure trioxide mu kuchuluka kwa timadontho-timadontho atatu, ndi madzi - timadontho-timadontho awiri. mankhwala anachita izi zikhoza anazindikira yekha ndi Kutentha kwa reactants ndi kutentha.

Kupeza ankaona nonmetal

Pali njira zingapo imene mukhoza kupeza osiyanasiyana mankhwala a sulfa. Yoyamba njira - ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa galasi ake. Chemical otsiriza chilinganizo - FeS _2. Pa Kutentha thunthu ndi kutentha popanda mwayi wa mpweya thereto angalandire ena chitsulo sulfide - FeS - ndi sulfure. Zimene aone kuti pali kwalembedwa motere: FeS ₂ = FeS + S. Yachiwiri njira yopangira sulfure; kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mafakitale - kuyaka sulfide sulfure, malinga pang'ono oxygen. Pankhaniyi, kuganizira akhoza kukhala okonzekera nonmetal ndi madzi. Angachitire, muyenera kutenga zigawo zikuluzikulu mu chiŵerengero molar awiri wina. Chifukwa, chomaliza mankhwala mu anapangira awiri awiri. The aone kuti pali mankhwala anachita akhoza kulembedwa motere: 2H ₂ S + O ₂ = 2S + 2H ₂ O. Komanso, sulfure akhoza kukonzekera njira zosiyanasiyana zitsulo Mwachitsanzo, kupanga zitsulo monga faifi tambala, mkuwa ndi ena.

Ntchito pakampani

tanthauzo lake linafalitsidwa kwambiri kuti tiganizire sanali zitsulo anapeza makampani mankhwala a. Monga tanena apa ntchito kuchotsa sulphate acid. Komanso, sulfure ntchito monga mbali kupanga machesi, chifukwa nkhaniyo ili flammable. Ndipo ndi yofunika kwambiri pa kupanga mabomba, onga, magetsi Bengal, ndi ena. Komanso sulfure ntchito monga mmodzi wa zosakaniza kulamulira tizilombo. Mu mankhwala, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chigawo kupanga mankhwala kwa matenda ena a pakhungu. Komanso, thunthu mu funso ntchito kupanga utoto zosiyanasiyana. Komanso, ntchito kupanga phosphors.

Pakompyuta dongosolo la sulfa

Monga amadziwika, maatomu zonse zigwirizana wa pakati muli mapulotoni - particles ndithu mlandu - ndi neutrons, ie, particles ndi mlandu ziro ... Ma elekitironi zokhudza phata, amene zoipa mlandu. Kusaloŵerera atomu mu dongosolo ake ayenera kukhala nambalayi wa mapulotoni ma elekitironi. Ngati yayitali, ichi ndi ion zoipa - anion. Ngati M'malo mwake - chiwerengero cha mapulotoni ndi wamkulu kuposa elekitironi - ndi ion zabwino kapena cation. sulfure anion akhoza kukhala zotsalira acid. Iyi ndi mbali ya mankhwala maselo monga sulfide asidi (sulfide wa hydrogen), ndipo sulfides zitsulo. The anion anapanga pa dissociation electrolytic, umene umachitika Kutha thunthu mu madzi. Pamene molekyulu izi chitatha mu cation sipangakhalenso akuimira mu mawonekedwe a chitsulo ion kapena wa hydrogen, ndi cation - ion zotsalira asidi kapena hydroxyl gulu (OH-). Popeza chiwerengero siriyo la sulfa m'magawo tebulo zodziwitsa - sikisitini, Ndizachidziwikire kuti pakati pake penipeni ndi chimodzimodzi nambala ya mapulotoni. Pa mfundo imeneyi, tikhoza kunena kuti ma elekitironi makina sikisitini kwambiri. chiwerengero cha neutrons angapezeke ndi Kuchotsera misa molar wa nambala siriyo wa zinthu mankhwala 32 - 16 = 16. Aliyense elekitironi imazungulira chaotically, ndi pa kanjira ena. Popeza sulfure - mankhwala mfundo ndi yochokera kwa nthawi yachitatu ya tebulo nthawi, ndipo zili m'njira zitatu padziko phata la. Pa tsiku loyamba la ma elekitironi awiriwa ili pa chachiwiri - eyiti, lachitatu - sikisi. Pakompyuta chilinganizo sulfure atomu kwalembedwa motere: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4.

Kuchuluka m'chilengedwe

Anthu amaona chinthu mankhwala amene amapezeka mu zikuchokera mchere, amene zosiyanasiyana sulfides zitsulo. Izi makamaka galasi - chitsulo mchere; komanso kutsogolera, siliva, luster mkuwa, nthaka blende, cinnabar - Mercury sulfide. Komanso, sulfure angakhale m'gulu zikuchokera mchere, kapangidwe ka woimiridwa ndi zinthu mankhwala atatu kapena kuposa. Mwachitsanzo, chalcopyrite, kuphatikizapo, kieserite, gypsum. Mukhoza mfundo iliyonse mwa izi mwatsatanetsatane. Galasi - Izi Ferrum sulphide, kapena FeS _2. Iwo ali wotumbululuka chikasu ndi Sheen golide. mchere izi zikhoza Nthawi zambiri monga zonyansa lazuli lapis, amene chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zibangili. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mchere awiri kawirikawiri amakhala ndi munda wamba. Chalcocite - chalcocite, chalcocite, kapena - akuimira bluish-imvi mankhwala ofanana ndi zitsulo. Galena (galena) ndi siliva kudzawala (argentite) ndi makhalidwe ofanana: iwo onse amafanana zitsulo ndi imvi. Cinnabar - ndi wooneka wofiira mchere ndi yamawangamawanga kuzimiririka imvi. Chalcopyrite, amene mankhwala ndiyo njira CuFeS _2, - golide chikasu, umatchedwa golide blende. Nthaka blende (sphalerite) amakhala ndi mtundu ku Amber kuti yowala-lalanje. The salt - Na _{2 4} x10H ₂ O - mu timibulu mandala woyera. Limatchedwanso mchere Glauber ndi, mankhwala. Chemical chilinganizo kieserite - MgSO ₄ xH ₂ O. Zikuoneka loyera kapena colorless ufa. Chemical chilinganizo gypsum - CaSO ₄ x2H ₂ O. Komanso, chinthu mankhwala ndi mbali ya maselo a zamoyo, ndipo n'chofunika kwambiri kufufuza amafotokozera.