Project 1144 cruisers Project 1144 "Orlan"

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, zoweta makampani chitetezo anapumira pang'ono momasuka: panali malamulo a boma komanso boma potsiriza "kukhwima" zoti kupereka ntchito zombo ndi kupanga injini kwa iwo kunja - mfundo zabwino. Kalanga ine, mpaka kuti kukonzanso zombo ndi woyenda pang'onopang'ono kwambiri. Koma izo ziyenera kukhala wolimba, "akuluakulu" amene anaikidwa ndipo anamanga mu USSR. Zina mwa ntchito ndi 1144.

mfundo zofunika

cruiser waukulu ndi wa mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera, Bookmark ndi afunika kuchita khama amene anachitika pa doko la zombo zapanyanja Baltic kuchokera 1973 mpaka 1998. apadera ndi chimodzimodzi mu nyukiliya "mtima" monga gawo la zombo Soviet ndi Russian ngalawa pamwamba salinso komweko. NATO, zotengera amagwiritsidwa imawunikidwa: kukula ndi armament ulemu mantha kwa mdani aliyense angathe. Mlengi kuyang'anira ntchito ya 1144 - Boris Israilevich Kupensky. Pa malo wachiwiri wake anali Yuhin Vladimir Evgenevich.

Monga mmene zingamvekere monga muyezo, koma zombo zimenezi ndi zoona palibe analogues mu shipbuilding dziko. Iwo ali konsekonse kwathunthu, kulola kuchita utumwi kuwononga sitima zankhondo mdani ndi zombo pamwamba. Pa makhoti amenewa inakhazikitsidwa mabomba a kalasi kuti akhoza kukhala kwambiri ayenera kuonetsetsa chiwonongeko chotheratu cha gulu chilichonse cha mdani angathe.

Project 1144 amadziwika chakuti zombo awa anali kukula mu dziko lapansi, osati kuphatikizapo ndege zonyamulira. The analogi kwambiri a cruiser American "Virginia", nthawi kakang'ono kuposa 2.5 kusamutsidwa. Court awa multifunctional: iwo amachita utumwi nkhondowo yaitali pafupifupi mbali ya nyanja, amathandiza ndi kuphimba zombo onse padziko ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Onse ankhondo, iwo anali lonse la zipangizo zatsopano nthawi ndi Soviet Union. "Lubwe" anali waukulu chidwi mphamvu ya dongosolo chida.

A History Mwachidule wa mndandanda

Kumapeto kwa March 1973 izo chinaikidwa woyamba cruiser nyukiliya Project 1144 "Kirov", omwe anakhala "asilikali Ushakov" mu 1992. Kumapeto kwa December 1977 izo anali atagwa ku madzi, ndi ndendende zaka zitatu chombo wadutsa kuthamanga konse ndi nkhondo anayesedwa, inali yololedwa m'manja mwa Soviet apanyanja. Kumapeto kwa 1984 anabwera ntchito Tarka "Frunze". Mu 1992 yomweyo anadzatchedwa "asilikali Lazarev". Kenako m'chaka cha 1988, malinga ndi dongosolo, zombo ali Tarka "Kalinin", kuyambira 1992 pamene "asilikali Nakhimov". Mu 1986, ntchito 1144 anazindikira ake lomveka: ndi sitima anaika ntchito ngalawa otsiriza "Potr Veliky".

Poyamba dzina la cruiser Project 1144 "Orlan" anali "Kuibyshev" kapena "Yuri Andropov", koma kugwa kwa USSR, malingaliro amenewo sanali kupatsidwa woona. Pakati pa ntchito yomanga dziko wakhala unatha, amene anayamba kumanga chombo ichi, koma chifukwa nyumbayi akhoza pokhapokha mu 1996. Choncho zombo anali m'chombo chatha ija ndi zaka khumi zokha pambuyo tsamba ake m'matangadza.

Kodi cruisers cha polojekitiyi?

Mu 1961, asilikali Soviet aphunzira zokhudza mfundo zosasangalatsa: United States anapezerapo nyukiliya chida cruiser "Long Beach". Izi linapereka kufufuza zoweta m'munda wa nyukiliya monga sitima magetsi. Mfundo ankayenera kusankha: USSR anali pa nsonga ya chitukuko, choncho akusowa Zombo Zankhondo chachikulu, chimene chingalowe ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali kuchokera mphamvu yaikulu.

Nyukiliya magetsi akhale ndi kukhazikitsa bwino za ntchito zina. Mu 1964, dziko wakhala imachitika kafukufuku yogwira mderali. Poyamba, makampani ndi asayansi anali tasked ndi kamangidwe ka m'chombomo, kusamutsidwa amene zikanakhala zopanda matani zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu.

kumenyana angapo

Kulengedwa anatengedwera kuchokera amazionera, tsogolo lililonse cruiser Project 1144 ayenera kutha kukumanizana mitundu yonse ya zida zopezeka kwa zombo mdani angathe. Komanso, asilikali Soviet zokongola longoganizira anaopsezedwa ndege mdani, choncho anafuna kulenga yabwino kwambiri panyanja chida. Poyamba, okonza adafotokoza kuti munthu cruiser Project 1144 chabe sadzakhala kupirirako nambala ngati zida. Moti poyamba iwo ankafuna kuti alenge awiriwa basi zombo: Mtundu 1165 ndipo Mtundu 1144. Iwo amayenera kuphimba mzake, akuchita ngati amodzi.

Pa chotengera woyamba tinali kukhala antiship, wachiwiri - mivi odana ndi sitima zapamadzi. zida Antiaircraft anali kulandira mulingo ofanana, kuti potero kulenga wamphamvu mpweya chitetezo. Komabe, patsogolo kwa sayansi Soviet ndi luso anatsimikiza luso kuchepetsa zambiri za m'chombo, ndipo mwa ntchito chopambanitsa mphamvu-tima wa zombo ziwiri linasiyidwa. Zonse ndi mtundu mu 1165 anali anasiya, zinthu zina zimene umasamutsidwa ku nyukiliya zoyendetsedwa cruiser Project 1144 "Orlan".

Kuwonjezeka tonnage ndi armament

M'kupita kwa chombo kuti anali kutenga zida zambiri, zimene zinachititsa kuti kukula mofulumira kusamutsidwa ake. Chifukwa cha - palibe amene anaganiza za original chombo cholinga antisubmarine, monga akatswiri ali ndi ufulu wonse mu kupangidwa kwa cruiser yaikulu chilengedwe ndi kusamutsidwa matani mpaka 20,000. Anaganiza kukhazikitsa ake "stuffing" wa sayansi ambiri masiku ano, umene panthawi imeneyo unali Ngokhoza kulenga ya Soviet Union. Izo zinali ndiye anatsimikiza ndi mtundu watsopano wa magalimoto - katundu nyukiliya chida cruiser (ndege chonyamulira). Yatsopano chida cruisers Project 1144 "Orlan" akulonjeza kuti adzakhala kwambiri zingamuthandize ndi amphamvu kakatundu lonse la Soviet pamwamba zombo.

Pomaliza, zofunika makina atsopano inakhazikitsa mu 1972. Development wa polojekiti kunachitidwa ndi inapita patsogolo tempo mu Leningrad. Monga mwa zonse Zikatero, asayansi ndi akatswiri ntchito motsogozedwa ndi mabwana ake yomweyo osati kokha, komanso curator la zombo za. nthawi iyi anali Captain 2 Udindo A. A. Savin. Njira imeneyi analola zombo Navy kulandira anthu amene anali ofunika, kusintha yoyenera pa ntchentche.

Zowonjezera ndi patsogolo

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti wachiwiri, wachitatu ndi wachinayi nyukiliya chida cruisers Project 1144 amayenera kumangidwa ndi watsopano, bwino ntchito 11442. izo zimayenera m'malo dongosolo chakale wakhala nthawi ingapezeke zida: nsanja zisanu barreled 30 mm Cannon m'malo mwa wangwiro "Dirk". M'malo Sam "mavu" malembedwe "zigawenga" konsekonse kuchuluka likungosonyeza zida zankhondo dongosolo 130 mm, odana zovuta "Snow Mphepo" m'malo bwino "mathithi" dongosolo latsopano mabomba (milandu mozama) akhala kuzindikiridwa ndi T. D.

Poyamba izo anaganiza kuti onse lolemera zida cruisers Project 1144 pambuyo "Kirov" adzamangira ndendende ntchitoyi, koma tiyeni pansi makampani: si onse toyesa izi zida chabe kum'pangitsa munthu chofunika, choncho anaika nthawi kumaliza. Choncho, kwenikweni (pafupifupi popanda zosungitsa) kuti kulemba lipoti 11442 anafotokoza yekha "Petr Veliky", ndi zotengera wachiwiri ndi wachitatu ndi wapakatikati, Transitional malo. Ndicho chifukwa panali ntchito "Orlan" (1144), ndi wamakono wa ziwiya amene ali lero.

Waukulu structural makhalidwe

Aliyense nyumba "Orlan" ukusiyanirana lengthened forecastle. Ngati - 16 zipinda zazikulu zimene anapatukana ndi bulkheads watertight. Kwa kutalika kwa thupi ndi zisanu adzikometsa zonse. sonar dongosolo "polenomiyo" amayikidwa mu uta. Kumbuyo kwa pali hangar (pansi pa ngalawayo), imene imathandiza ndi mayikidwe a atatu odana ndi sitima zapamadzi Helicopters Ka-27. Apa tinaitana chimakweza kwa Helicopters, komanso akasinja yosungirako nkhuni ndege.

Kumbuyo kwa pali chipinda kwa wotsika "polenomiyo" towed mlongoti zovuta. Pafupifupi mphamvu zonse alumikizana yomanga zopangidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo zotayidwa-magnesium. Kamangidwe zida tingachipeze powerenga - kwambiri wa a nkhondowo ili pa kumbuyo ndi uta.

makhalidwe zoteteza m'chombo

Aliyense cruiser chida Project 1144 amanyamula wamphamvu oponya kusungitsa, onse pa thupi anapereka pansi awiri. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya sitimayo kwanuko kutetezedwa ndi zida. Lamba zida maonekedwe chakale palibe (monga pa zombo kwambiri). chitetezo chachikulu ili mu kuya kwa thupi. Mosiyana cruisers ena nthawi kuti khungu TAKR unakhuthala ku tsinde ndi kutalika kumbuyo mamita 3.5. Meter - pansi pa waterline mamita 2.5 - makina chitetezo ndi adalira.

Ndipo izo zikusonyeza wapadera zombo za gulu ili, ngati cruiser katundu nyukiliya Project 1144 ndi woyamba kuyambira World nkhondo II zombo, yomwe zoterozo malire luso. Engine chipinda riyakitala ndipo atetezedwe zida chida chipinda 100 mm. okwerera nkhondo ndi malo lamulo la chombo kutetezedwa chimodzimodzi. Pali kuzungulira zida ndi ndege hangar, atetezedwa mofananamo zipolopolo. Utsogoleri zida chipinda okutidwa kwanuko.

magetsi

Kamangidwe ntchito 3 CN-riyakitala (S VM 16 pachimake). Kolowera - m'banja la Chombo mathanki Chabwino 900, koma ndi osiyana kwambiri kwa iwo. Akuluakulu differentiating Chinthu ndi digiri yapamwamba ya ureniamu patsogolo. Pa mafuta wina cruiser ungatithandizire kwa zaka zosachepera khumi. Mathanki wapawiri dera lililonse dera madzi coolant ntchito (koma bidistillate). Izi wapadera kwambiri digiri ya chiyeretso madzi, kufalitsidwa kudzera pakati pa mavuto atmospheres 200. Izi zimathandiza pafupifupi yomweyo kuwira kwa dera wachiwiri ndi dzuwa mkulu wa unsembe lonse.

Magetsi chiwembu amagwiritsa migodi ziwiri, ndi pa aliyense wa iwo, "ntchito" ya lita 70000. a. Kwathunthu unsembe ili mu zipinda chakudya atatu. Chiwerengero cha nyukiliya - awiri, mphamvu zawo okwana ndi 342 MW. Yerekezerani ndi Perm GRES umabala 2400 MW, kotero kuti chombo amadya mphamvu, amene adzakhala zokwanira mzinda umene anthu 100-150 zikwi. The chopangira mphamvu ili (kuwonjezera waukulu) pa awiri standby kukatentha.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ntchito mu 1144 "Orlan" ndi kubwerera mphamvu Unit (osati nyukiliya), imene imathandiza galimoto kufika imathamanga 17 mfundo. Inventories ya dizilo wotere kuti cruiser angachite kuti 1,300 kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi miles. Pamene ntchito nyukiliya riyakitala chotengera angafikire liwiro la ku 31 mfundo, ndi mphamvu malo amakhala malire. Akuti alumikizana mizere kupereka zombo zodabwitsa izi seaworthiness, limakupatsani msanga ayende mtunda wautali.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za oyendetsa

Okwana adalira mumakhala anthu 759, kuphatikizapo alonda 120. A okwana mokhala 1,600. Kuti akomere alonda ndi alonda chilolezo anapereka 140 cabins wosakwatiwa, pali 30 forecastles kwa oyendetsa, akulu anaikidwa cabins ndi mphamvu anthu 8-30. Banja 15 muyenera kupereka m'bafa awiri ndi kusamba, dziwe kukula 6h2,5 mita ndi malo anthunzi otulutsirako thukuta.

Zosowa zachipatala akuyankha duplex wagawo kuphatikizapo outpatient chipinda ndi okonzeka chipinda cha opareshoni, insulators, ofesi mano, ndi mankhwala. Mawonekedwe thupi la ogwira ntchito angathe kukhala ochitira masewera a, okonzeka ndi makina zonse zitheka. Pali atatu chisokonezo-chipinda, osiyana chochezera yopuma, komanso weniweni filimu zisudzo.

The armament waukulu cruisers mu 1144

Monga tanena kale, udindo ankaimba ndi waukulu armament ASM P-700 "Granit". Izi mivi lachitatu m'badwo supersonic, wakuti amene likuyandikira chandamale pa midget msinkhu. misa zawo - matani asanu ndi awiri, ndi pamene tipemphela kwa iwo nakwaniritsa liwiro Mach 2.5 (nthawi 2.5 liwiro phokoso) akhoza kukwaniritsa kuyang'anira ndi zachiwawa ndi muyezo makilogalamu 750. Chachiwiri chimake - nyukiliya kuyang'anira mphamvu 500 Km pa mtunda wa makilomita 625. Chida kutalika - mamita khumi, awiri - 85 masentimita zovuta chomwecho, pali 20 zipolopolo wokwera pa makona a madigiri 60 pamwamba pa sitimayo .. Yopanga launchers chinkhoswe mu Leningrad.

Tikumbukenso kuti "lubwe" anali ankafunira kukhazikitsa kwa sitima zankhondo, choncho isanayambe nkhondo ya M'mimbamo ladzala ndi madzi a m'nyanja. Kuwombera pansi miyala iyi ndi yovuta kwambiri. The okonza kuti anaonetsetsa kuti ngakhale kugonjetsedwa kwa "Granit" chida interceptors, izo lofotokozabe patsogolo kayendedwe wa mphamvu kwambiri kuti mwina titafika pa cholingacho.

Chitetezo kuukira mpweya

Maziko a odana ndi chida chitetezo pa zombo zimenezi - C-300F (Fort), kuluka likudzandira amene wakumvera sitima chotengeracho. Chiwerengero cha mivi odana ndege - zidutswa 96. Mu "Petra Velikogo" malembedwe kusinthidwa P-300FM "Fort-M" omwe alipo mu buku limodzi. Imodzi, chotero zovuta akhoza n'chongoletsa mpaka mipherezero asanu imodzi m'munsili akadali 12. lililonse la "mbali" zolinga anachititsa mzinga, saletsa ndi kuthekera uyu wa kulowelera mu mlengalenga, zimene angafunse mdani angathe.

cruisers katundu Project 1144 "Orlan" panopa kumapitiriza 94 mivi yotereyi. Ndichepe mu chiwerengero chawo chifukwa chinawonjezeka kulemera ndi kukula makhalidwe. Poyamba, lamavutoli wapadera analengedwa pa maziko a mwangwiro asilikali m'dziko machitidwe mpweya chitetezo S-Z00PMU2 "Okondeka". limathandiza pa muyezo "linga" MUKACHULUKIDWE chakuti akhoza kugunda mipherezero pa mtunda wa makilomita 150, osachepera kudutsana kutalika - mamita 10 okha, chimene chiri chofunika kwambiri zinthu RCC kuti "chikondi" kuuluka kwa chandamale pa okwera otsika kwambiri. Chulukitsani yokutidwa madera akhudzidwa wakhala akwaniritsa ndi kusintha lakuthwa mu maonekedwe a ntchito monga mbali ya makampani zamagetsi.

The chachiwiri echelon chida chitetezo

Sam "zigawenga" - wachiwiri "yosangalatsa" ndege chonyamulira. Theoretically, izo akanayenera anaika pa zombo zonse za 11442 ntchito bwino, koma kwenikweni Analeredwa yemweyo "Peter." Cholinga - kudziwa ndi kuwononga mipherezero amene anakwanitsa anagumula mzere woyamba wa magawo chida chitetezo. Waukulu chidwi mphamvu Pankhaniyi olimba roketi 9M330 amene mwamtheradi yogwirizana ndi wotchuka m'dziko "wo- tsogolera-M1" zovuta.

The peculiarity a zipolopolo awa amene n'kuthamangitsidwa nkhokwezi awo catapult wapadera, ndiyeno nkuyamba injini chachikulu. njira imeneyi kuchepetsa kulemera ndi kukula kwa makhalidwe awo pamene asayambe osiyanasiyana zikhudze chiwonongeko.

Zovuta recharged basi volleys kudutsa pa masekondi atatu. Mu mode basi, chandamale mwina overreach wa makilomita 45, nthawi ayankhe - mpaka masekondi atatu. Chiwerengero cha mipherezero imodzi chinkhoswe ndipo inamva - inayi. dongosolo ntchito kwathunthu basi, popanda kufunika ogwira limodzi. Malinga ndi Mlengi, m'sitimayo adzakhala kupatsidwa 128 mivi kuti "Daggers".

Wachitatu gawo chida chitetezo

Zovuta pafupi ndi chitetezo - "Dirk". Mmalo monena kwambiri akulu zisanu ndi mbiya khwekhwe. Monga momwe zinalili m'mbuyomu, dongosolo angazindikire ndi younikira chandamale mu mode kwathunthu basi. akunde cholinga kupereka akweza zisanu ndi mbiya Unit (zidutswa ziwiri), mlingo okwana amene ali zipolopolo 10 zikwi pa mphindi. "Mantha" wa manyumba awiri nkhondo anayi 9M311 lililonse. Iwo yodziwika ndi masikono nkhondowo kugawikana-pachimake ndi contactless lama fuyusi. Zimenezi zimathandiza chida kugunda chandamale chabe kukhala pafupi naye, amene kwambiri kumachititsa cha mapeto a projectile mdani pansi.

The turret danga la lililonse limakhala akhoza mivi yotereyi mu muli 32. Iwo ogwirizana ndi dziko zovuta 2S6 "Tunguska". Kodi kugwira ntchito kuti thupilo mivi odana sitima, mabomba motsogozedwa, ndege, Helicopters ndi drones mdani. Mivi "Dirk" mungawapange chandamale pa mtunda wa wina ndi theka makilomita eyiti, Moto wa mayunitsi zisanu barreled kukhala pa mtunda wa mamita 50 150 kuchokera ku mbali ya sitimayo.

Iwo akhoza mipherezero kugunda zouluka ikakhala kuyambira zisanu mamita zikwi zinayi. Full zipolopolo "Kortikov" ndi 192 maroketi ndi zipolopolo 36,000. Pa nthawi polojekiti 1144, a wamakono amene akadali sanamalize, kamakhala bwino Mabaibulo a makhazikitsidwe izi.

Kalanga ine, koma lero palibe mudziwe, kaya anagwira wamakono lathunthu la zombo za gulu ili, kuti m'malo mwa Akhristu masiku ano amagetsi. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi chidzachitidwa. Latsopano cruisers ntchito ili bwino sayembezereka, kotero otsala ayenera kuyang'ana mosamala kwambiri.