Physics: zofunika zachikunja, mitunduyi, malamulo. Malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi, munthuyo ayenera kudziwa

Chidwi mu dziko kunja ndi malamulo ake a chamoyo ndi kukula kwa zachilengedwe ndi zolondola. Ndi chake kulabadira sayansi ya zachilengedwe, monga sayansi, limafotokoza zimene chimake cha mapangidwe ndi zamoyo wa chilengedwe chonse. malamulo Basic a sayansi ndi yosavuta kumva. Kale ndili School wamng'ono kwambiri anayambitsanso ana mfundo izi.

Pakuti ambiri, sayansi limayamba ndi buku "Physics (kalasi 7)." mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi malamulo okonzera ndi yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndi lotseguka kwa ophunzira, iwo tikuuzidwa kuti maziko a malamulo waukulu thupi. Koma ayenera kudziwa okha masiku sukulu? Kodi ndi malamulo akuthupi ayenera kudziwa aliyense? Tikambirana kenako nkhaniyi.

Science sayansi

mokoma ambiri anafotokozedwa ndi sayansi amadziwa kuti zonse kwa ana aang'ono. Ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti, kwenikweni, ndi sayansi ndi imodzi mwa mbali ya sayansi. Limanena za malamulo a chilengedwe, zotsatira za omwe ali zimakhudza miyoyo ya aliyense, ndiponso m'njira zambiri ngakhale amapereka ake za mbali ya nkhani, matabwa ake ndi mfundo za kayendedwe.

Mawu akuti "sayansi" anali woyamba wolembedwa ndi Aristotle mu m'zaka za zana lachinayi BC. Poyamba, n'chimodzimodzi ndi "nzeru" lingaliro. Ndipotu, onse a sayansi ndi cholinga wamba - bwino kufotokoza njira zonse kugwira ntchito ya chilengedwe chonse. Koma m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi chifukwa cha ulimi wa sayansi sayansi izo linalandira ufulu.

malamulo onse

Ena malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za sayansi. Kuwonjezera iwo pali ena amene amaona kuti ndi ofala kwa lonse wa chirengedwe. Tikuyankhula zokhudza kusamala mphamvu ndi lamulo kutembenuka.

Amatanthauza kuti mphamvu ya aliyense wa dongosolo chatsekedwa pa nthenda zonse zochitika kwenikweni anapulumutsidwa. Komabe, zikhoza lidzasinthidwa mtundu wina ndi kusintha amanena kachulukidwe mu madera osiyana a dongosolo anati bwino. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu dongosolo lotseguka, mphamvu amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka mphamvu, anapereka matupi onse ndi minda kuti mucheze ndi izo.

Kuwonjezera pa pamwamba mfundo ambiri, sayansi lili mfundo zikuluzikulu, mitunduyi, malamulo ofunika kumasulira njira kunachitika dziko loyandikira. Kuphunzira akhoza kukhala ndi mwayi amazipanga zosangalatsa. Choncho, m'nkhani ino tikambirana mwachidule malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi, ndi kumvetsa kwambiri, n'kofunika kuzilingalira zonse.

zimango

Open asayansi wamng'ono, malamulo zambiri zoyambirira za makalasi sayansi 7-9 sukulu, amene mokwanira anaphunzira nthambi izi wa sayansi, monga makaniko wina. mfundo zake zazikulu ndi pansipa.

1. Galileya relativity Act (monga patchedwa malamulo makina a relativity, kapena chifukwa cha zimango chakale). Akamanena za mfundo kwagona kuti mavuto ofanana ndi njira makina mu machitidwe onse inertial Buku zofanana.
2. lamulo Hooke. Kwenikweni ake ndi zazikulu amadza pa thupi zotanuka (masika, ndodo, kutonthoza, mtengo) kuchokera kunja, wamkulu ndi mapindikidwe ake.

malamulo Newton (kuimira chakale zimango maziko):

1. Mfundo inertia limanena kuti munthu wina akhoza kukhala pa mpumulo kapena yunifolomu zoyenda mu mzere wolunjika pokhapokha ngati palibe thupi ena zosatheka bwanji izo, kapena chirichonse ngati iwo ali mu njira iliyonse zoperewerazo zotsatira za mzake. Kusintha liwiro kayendedwe, kuti thupi ndi zofunika kuchita ndi mphamvu, ndi kumene ndemanga ndi wofanana ndi mphamvu pa kukula osiyana Thupi amasiyana.
2. mphamvu Home chitsanzo limanena kuti wamkulu magulu chotsatira kuti panopa zinthu pa thupi anapatsidwa, m'pamenenso iye analandira mathamangitsidwe. Ndipo, mogwirizana kwambiri, kulemera, m'munsi mlingo.
3. Lamulo lachitatu Newton umanena kuti matupi ziwiri zonse zimavuta ndi mzake chitsanzo ndi zofanana: magulu awo nacho chikhalidwe chomwecho, ndi ofanana kukula ndipo onetsetsani kuti zosiyana malangizo pamodzi ndi mzere woongoka, zomwe zikugwirizana thupi.
4. Mfundo relativity limanena kuti zinthu zonse zimene zimachitika pa zinthu zomwezo mu kachitidwe inertial Buku, ndi mwamtheradi zofanana unsembe.

yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe

Sukulu mabuku, kutsegula ophunzira malamulo zofunika ( "Physics. Kalasi 7"), ndipo anayambitsanso iwo ndizosowa yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. mfundo zake ife mwachidule ankaona pansipa.

Malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe zimene zili zofunika mu munda wa sayansi, ndi ambiri mu chikhalidwe ndi kumphatikiza ndi kapangidwe mwatsatanetsatane mankhwala enieni pa mlingo atomiki. Mwa njira, mfundo zimenezi ndi zofunika osati kwa sayansi komanso zimapangidwira, zamoyo, Azamlengalenga, ndi zina zotero D..

Mwachitsanzo, kumabungwe pamwamba, pali amenable kuti tikadziwe tanthauzo la ulamuliro kuti m'dziko chatsekedwa, malo kunja ndi lomweli silinasinthe pa nthawi mgwirizano boma. Ndipo njira zikuchitika mu izo, nthawi zonse kuletsa mzake kunja.

ulamuliro wina yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe chinatsimikizira chizolowezi cha kachitidwe chomwe nambala yaikulu kwambiri particles ndi gulu mwachisawawa, kusintha kwa kudzikonda zokayikitsa m'maboma a dongosolo mu Nkosatheka kwambiri.

A malamulo Gay Lussac (wochedwanso Chilamulo mpweya) limanena kuti misa ena a mafuta chifukwa kuthamanga khola la kugawa buku zake ndi kutentha mtheradi kwenikweni amakhala nthawi zonse.

ulamuliro ina yofunika ya makampani - lamulo loyamba yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, zimene amatchedwanso mfundo ya zachilengedwe ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu kwa dongosolo thermodynamic. Malinga ndi ichi, mlingo uliwonse kutentha, omwe anakauza dongosolo, udzakhala chotengera metamorphosis mphamvu zake mkati ndi ntchito ndi ulemu ndi mphamvu kwina akuchita. Ndi ndondomeko imeneyi ndi kukhala maziko mapangidwe dera ntchito makina matenthedwe.

Other mpweya lamulo - ndi chilamulo cha Charles. Lembali limati wamkulu mavuto ambirimbiri ena a mafuta abwino pokhalabe buku zonse, ndi apamwamba kutentha kwake.

magetsi

Limadzitsegula chidwi achinyamata asayansi 10 malamulo yaikulu ya kalasi sayansi sukulu. Panthawi imeneyi, timaphunzira zoyamba za malamulo a chilengedwe ndi zochita za magetsi, komanso zinthu zina.

Chilamulo Ampere Mwachitsanzo, limanena kuti ochititsa olumikizidwa ku kufanana, amene utuluke ziliri pa mbali imodzi, zivute zitani anakopeka, choncho zosiyana panopa malangizo, motero, amaipidwa. Nthawi zina mayina ofanana ntchito lamulo thupi kumene kumatsimikizira mphamvu kuchita ya maginito alipo pa ntchito ya kondakitala panopa akuchititsa panopa. Wake wotchedwa - Ampere mphamvu. kupezeka zinapangidwa ndi asayansi zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi (kutanthauza mu 1820).

Chilamulo cha kusamala mlandu ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo za chilengedwe. Iye ananena kuti ndalama algebraic milandu onse magetsi akuwuka kwa dongosolo lililonse electrically akutali, nthawi zonse apulumutsidwe (akukhala zonse). Ngakhale izi, likutchedwa mfundo si kukusalani pakutchulidwa kachitidwe choterechi particles latsopano mlandu chifukwa cha kutayikira ena njira. Komabe, akukhudzidwira mlandu magetsi wa particles utangoyamba ayenera kukhala ziro.

lamulo Coulomb ndi mmodzi wa chachikulu electrostatics. Iwo akufotokoza mfundo za mphamvu zimene zimachitika pakati pa mlandu n'kupuma mfundo ndi anafotokoza mawerengedwe kachulukidwe wa mtunda wa pakati pawo. lamulo Coulomb umatithandiza kulungamitsa mfundo za electrodynamics njira experimental. Lembali limati ndi yoikidwiratu mfundo milandu kwenikweni kucheza ndi gulu lomwe ndi apamwamba wamkulu mankhwala a magnitudes awo, ndi moyenera, ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono m'bwalo la mtunda pakati pa milandu izi ndi za permittivity wa chilengedwe zimene zimachitika anafotokoza amapezeka.

lamulo Ohm ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika za magetsi. Lembali limati wamkulu mphamvu ya okhazikika magetsi akuchita panopa pa gawo ena unyolo, m'pamenenso ndi voteji pa malekezero ake.

"Kulondola dzanja ulamuliro" amatchedwa mfundo imene imatithandiza kudziwa malangizo a masiku ano ndi wochititsa akusuntha mu kukhudzana maginito mu njira inayake. Kuti tichite zimenezi, ikani dzanja lamanja kuti njira maginito nkhawa zooneka m'manja lotseguka ndipo chala motsogozedwa Chikoka waya magalimoto. Mu nkhani iyi, ena zala zinayi anaweramuka kudziwa malangizo a anachititsa gulu panopa.

Komanso mfundo imeneyi kumathandiza kupeza malo enieni a mizere ya maginito kupatsidwa ulemu liniya wochititsa kuchititsa panopa pa mphindi. Zimachitika monga izi: kuika chala chanu chabwino kuti anatchulapo malangizo a pano, ndi zina zala zinayi kumvetsa mophiphiritsa kondakitala. Malo zikhomo awa ndi kusonyeza malangizo lenileni la mizere maginito kamwazi.

Mfundo kupatsidwa ulemu mu atomu chitsanzo limene likufotokoza ndondomeko ntchito tiransifoma, magudumu, Motors. Lamulo limeneli ndi motere: kudera chatsekedwa kwaiye mphamvu electromotive wa ku kupatsidwa ulemu wa wamkulu kwambiri, mlingo wa kusintha kwa kamwazi maginito.

Optics

Nthambi "Optics" ndi kulingaliranso mbali ya maphunziro pa sukulupo (malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi: 7-9). Choncho, mfundo zimenezi si zovuta kumvetsa ngati mmene zilili panopo koyamba. Kuphunzira zimadzetsa osati chabe chidziwitso, koma kumvetsa bwino chenicheni. Malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi, amene akhoza zimachitika munda wa Optics, motere:

1. Gyuynesa mfundo. Ndi njira kuti angathandize kuzindikira chilichonse malo enieni yachiwiri panopa yoweyula kutsogolo. Kwenikweni ake ali motere: mfundo zonse zimene zili m'njira ya yoweyula pamaso pa kachigawo ena a lachiwirilo zoona, nawonso magwero a mafunde ozungulira (sekondale), pamene mayikidwe a yoweyula kutsogolo mu kugawanika chomwecho chachiwiri ndi zofanana pamwamba amene lazungulira mafunde onse ozungulira (sekondale). Mfundo imeneyi ntchito kufotokoza malamulo alipo zokhudzana ndi refraction kuwala ndi kusinkhasinkha ake.
2. Huygens-Fresnel mfundo akuganizira njira zothandiza kuthetsa nkhani zokhudzana ndi kafalitsidwe yoweyula. Ndi kumvetsa bwino mavuto zofunika zokhudzana ndi mapindidwe akuwala kuwala.
3. Lamulo la chinyezimiro cha mafunde. Iwo ikugwilizana ndi chinyezimiro mu galasi. Kwenikweni ake ndi kuti kukokera pansi mtengo ndi munthu amene wakhala anasonyeza ndi perpendicular anamanga ku nsonga ya zochitika zili ndege imodzi. M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti mu nkhani iyi mbali pa zimene zinachitika mtengo nthawi zonse wofanana kwathunthu ku ngodya ya refraction.
4. Mfundo refraction kuwala. Izi kusintha mu njira yodutsamo ya mu atomu yoweyula kafalitsidwe (kuwala) pa nthawi ya kayendedwe ka sing'anga homogeneous wina, amene ali zimasiyana kwambiri ndi mzere woyamba wa akalozera refractive. Liwiro kafalitsidwe wa kuwala iwo zimasiyanasiyana.
5. Lamulo la rectilinear kafalitsidwe wa kuwala. Pakati pake penipeni, ndi malamulo okhudzana ndi munda wa Optics geometrical, ndipo motere: mu sing'anga aliyense homogeneous (kaya chilengedwe chake) kuwala propagates mosamalitsa mu mzere woongoka, mtunda yayifupi. lamulo limeneli nalongosola mapangidwe mithunzi.

Atomiki ndi nyukiliya Physics

Malamulo yaikulu ya kwadzidzidzi sayansi, komanso ndizosowa atomiki ndi nyukiliya sayansi ali anaphunzira ku sukulu ya sekondale ndipo maphunziro apamwamba.

Choncho, postulates Bohr ndi chiwerengero cha malingaliro zofunika, omwe anakhala maziko a chiphunzitso. Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti dongosolo lililonse atomiki tingakhale zisathe yekha mu maiko n'kupuma. umuna iliyonse kapena mayamwidwe mphamvu ndi atomu ndithu pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo, akamanena za amene ali motere: cheza kugwirizana ndi transporter amakhala monochromatic.

postulates Awa ndi pulogalamu sukulu muyezo umene amaphunzira malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi (11 kalasi). chidziwitso chawo chofunika maphunziro.

Malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi, munthuyo ayenera kudziwa

Ena mwa mfundo thupi, ngakhale ndi ziwalo wina wa nthambi ya sayansi Komabe, ambiri m'chilengedwe ndipo ayenera kudziwika kwa onse. Lembani malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi, kuti munthu ayenera kudziwa:

• Archimedes malamulo (amatanthauza malo a hydro ndi aerostatics). Amasonyeza kuti munthu wina amene anali adalowetsedwa mu gaseous kapena madzi amachita ngati buoyancy, zomwe ndithudi imatsogoleredwa vertically m'mwamba. Mphamvu imeneyi ndi nthawi numerically wofanana ndi kulemera kwa pokhala thupi madzimadzi kapena gasi.
• chiphunzitso china cha chilamulo ichi ndi: thupi kumizidwa mu mpweya kapena madzi, onetsetsani kuti kuonda momwe kulemera kwa zikuchokera madzi kapena mpweya umene zinatumizidwa. Lamulo limeneli ndipo anayamba tenet zoyambirira za chiphunzitso cha matupi pamadzi.
• Lamulo la mphamvu yakukoka (Newton anatsegula). Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti mwamtheradi thupi lonse amatipeza azifunana ndi mphamvu ndi wamkulu yaitali mankhwala a ambirimbiri matupi ndi moyenera, ang'onoang'ono, ang'onoang'ono m'bwalo la mtunda wa pakati pawo.

Izi ndi 3 malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi, zomwe aliyense ayenera kudziwa amene akufuna kudziwa limagwirira wa ntchito kwa dziko ndi peculiarities wa njira kunachitika izo. Kumvetsa mfundo ya kanthu ndi losavuta mokwanira.

The kufunika kodziwa ngati

Malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi kukhala mu katundu wa munthu wodziŵa, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wake ndi zochitika zake. Amaonetsa kuli limagwirira lonse zenizeni lero, ndipo Ndipotu zonse yekha mu dziko mosalekeza kusintha.

malamulo Basic mfundo sayansi kupereka mwayi kufufuza dziko loyandikira. chidziwitso chawo kumathandiza kumvetsa limagwirira wa chilengedwe ndi kayendedwe ka zinthu zakuthambo. Zimakhala osati amayendera zochitika tsiku ndi njira Zimathandizanso kuzindikira iwo. Munthu ayenela kumvetsetsa malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi, ndiye, chirichonse chimene chimachitika mozungulira icho njira, iwo akhoza kusamalira njira yabwino kwambiri, kupanga kutsegula ndipo potero kupangitsa miyoyo yawo yabwino kwambiri.

zotsatira

Ena amakakamizidwa kuphunzira mwakuya malamulo zikuluzikulu za sayansi mayeso, ena - ndi ntchito, ndi ena - kuchokera chidwi sayansi. Kaya zolinga za sayansi, kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso wabweza sitingalephere kukambapo. Pali chinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri kuposa kumvetsa njira zikuluzikulu ndi malamulo a kuli dziko.

Musati kukhala opanda chidwi - kukhala!