Khalidwe la kusanduka munthu ndi chiyani?

Imodzi mwa njira kwambiri maganizo ndi pang'ono-anaphunzira zamoyo ndi anthropogenesis - njira zinachokera chitukuko anthu monga mtundu. Kuti kuchokera amazionera a sayansi zachilengedwe, mfundo anthu ndi zina? Si chinsinsi kuti alipo zotsalira paleontological a mafupa amene atchulidwa monga makolo anthropoid, sayansi anamasulira mosiyana. A udindo zoipa mu phunziro la chitukuko mbiri ya sapiens Homo ankaimba ndi milandu falsification zenizeni. Kodi zimenezi zimaonekera mu chitukuko cha Anthropology?

English chopusitsira

Kumbukirani nkhani zopezeka mu 1912 mu anasiya miyala lotayako kum'mawa kwa England piltdaunskogo chigaza cha munthu, zimene ziri zaka zoposa makumi asanu ankaona Transitional mawonekedwe pakati pa nyani ndi munthu. Only mu 1963 chinapezeka kuti mbali ya Chibade cha sapiens ano Homo zopekedwa Ufumuyo Anyani nsagwada ndi kupereka zonse monga chinthu chakale ndi chilumikizo chosowacho mu Anthropology. M'nkhaniyi tiona mupeza kuti N'chimodzimodzinso ndi zamoyo wa khalidwe la munthu. Biology, mosiyana ndi chipembedzo ndi nzeru za anthu, ali chikutanthauza mfundo zotulutsidwa m'nkhani linanso lofotokoza paleontology. Tiyeni tione iwo mopitirira.

magawo a anthropogenesis

Mu chitukuko cha thupi monga mitundu kwachilengedwenso secrete n'ngotukuka: wakale, wakale ndi kumayambiriro kwa anthu amakono. mafupa malasha wa Heidelberg munthu, Sinanthropus, Chijavanisi Pithecanthropus akatswiri amakhulupirira ana a Australopithecus, amene anakhala pafupi 1.7 miliyoni zapitazo. Asayansi ambiri kuwaona monga mtundu wa anthu Wonenedwa - pryamohodyachego Munthu amene anali mu Africa East.

Kenako, akatswiri malingaliro ogawanika. Ena amati padziko 300 zikwi zapitazo anapanga osiyana mitundu ya anthu akale -. Akalewa anthu amasiku ano amene woyamba anatulukira - ndi Cro-Magnons. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti mu nthawi umenewu mfundo anthu yodziwika ndi predominance a mtundu - Homo sapiens, chomwe subspecies awiri pa nthawi yomweyo: ndi Neanderthal ndi Cro-Magnon. anthu awo anali pa dera la masiku ano Caucasus, Asia kum'mwera, ndi Europe.

Pantchito Tizilombo mu chitukuko anthu

Zotsatira za kuzipenya poyerekeza anatomical kupereka umboni wamphamvu wakuti Homo sapiens wa anyani dongosolo. Kufanana kwa anthu ndi nyama mu gulu zikugwirizanirana mbali zonse za mafupa ndi chikonzero chonse wonse wa Kapangidwe ka mantha, magazi m'mapapo ndi machitidwe ena thupi. Chibadwa anatsimikizira dongosolo umodzi kwa gulu la anthu matupi ndi anyani apamwamba. mfundo zonse pamwamba akusonyeza kuti zinthu anthu amakhala ndi nambala yaikulu ya makhalidwe kwachilengedwenso kuti awayanjanitse iwo ndi nyama ya. Koma iwo sali wamkulu. The otsogolera limabweretsa Anthropology kuti zinthu okhudzidwa: ntchito ya ntchito olowa abwino kulankhulana mawu, mapangidwe dongosolo, anthu chitukuko cha chipembedzo ndiponso chikhalidwe. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Phylogeny alionse anthu

Akutukuka limodzi ndi zinyama dziko lapansi, mtundu Homo sapiens watenga malo lalikulu m'chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha ichi chiri motere: kwa zamoyo wa anthu amakhala ndi predominance wa chikoka cha zifukwa za chilengedwe. Chitukuko cha ntchito mawunikidwe ndi kupanga wa kotekisi oziziritsa ndi mawu - kusiyana waukulu pakati pa nyama ndi munthu.

katundu awa sali anakonza matupi athu ndi sichimaperekedwa kwa mbewu. Iwo akhoza kupangidwa kokha pa msinkhu kumayambiriro yolimbikitsira anthu: kulangiza ndi kuphunzitsa. Chifukwa cha kukula kwa anthu anali chodabwitsa monga okoma. Pamodzi ndi chikoka cha zinthu umoyo ndi zachuma, kulemekeza okalamba, kusamalira ana ndi akazi - izo tsopano ndiyo nthawi ya zamoyo wa munthu amakhala ndi mmene kwambiri.