Phylogenetic nambala ya akavalo - "mafano" wa mchitidwe wa chisinthiko

Mmodzi mwa odziwika kwambiri komanso kuphunzira za umboni malasha mfundo ndi chiwerengero cha ungulates ano phylogenetic odnopalyh. Angapo paleontological amapeza ndi kuzindikiridwa mitundu Transitional kupereka sayansi umboni m'munsi mwa zino. Anafotokoza Russian wasayansi Vladimirom Onufrievichem Kovalevskim mu 1873 phylogenetic mndandanda wa kavalo ndi lero ndi "mafano" wa paleontology chisinthiko.

Kasinthidwe kwa zaka zambiri

The phylogenetic zamoyo wa mndandanda - izo ziri, motsatizana mitundu Transitional zikubweretsa mapangidwe mitundu ano. Ndi nambala ya mayunitsi wa mndandanda chidzale kapena tsankho, koma kupezeka kwa mitundu motsatizana Transitional ndi choyambilira ofotokoza awo.

Phylogenetic nambala ya akavalo anatchula umboni kusanduka ili chifukwa pamaso pa ndondomeko ngati mitundu, m'malo mzake. Kuchuluka kwa anapezazo paleontological aipatsa digiri yapamwamba ya ndithu.

Zitsanzo phylogenetic mndandanda

zingapo akavalo osati mwa zitsanzo anafotokoza. Chabwino anaphunzira ndipo ali ndi digiri yapamwamba ya kudalirika kwa phylogenetic chiwerengero cha zinsomba ndi mbalame. A maganizo a mmudzi sayansi ndi Ambiri ntchito kunena zosiyanasiyana populist phylogenetic ndi chiwerengero cha anyani ano ndi anthu. Kusamvana pa akusowa pano intermediaries sindileka mu asayansi. Koma ziribe kanthu momwe ambiri kaganizidwe ka anthu, akhala phindu yamphamvu ya mutu wakuti phylogenetic monga umboni wa zamoyo zinachita kusinthasintha kwa zinthu ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.

Communication zamoyo wa akavalo ndi chilengedwe

maphunziro angapo kuti anatsimikizira chiphunzitso zokwiriridwa O. V. Kovalevskogo ubwenzi wabwino pakati kusintha mu mafupa a makolo a akavalo ndi kusintha chilengedwe. Kusintha kwa nyengo zinachititsa kuti kuchepa mu nkhalango, ndi makolo a nyama ano odnopalyh hoofed ndinazolowera moyo steppes lapansi. Kufunika kwa gulu mofulumira chikwiyire zosintha structural ndi chiwerengero cha zala ku malekezero, kusintha mu mafupa ndi mano.

Ulalo choyamba mu unyolo

Mu Eocene oyambirira, woyamba makono kavalo prapredok anakhala pa 65 miliyoni zapitazo. Izi "otsika kavalo" kapena Eohippus, limene linali kukula kwa galu (30 cm), inachokera pa lonse phazi nthambi, amene anali zinayi (kutsogolo) komanso atatu (kumbuyo) chala ndi ziboda yaing'ono. Ndinadya mphukira eogippus ndipo masamba anali ndi mano chimauma. Dun mitundu ndi tsitsi ochepa pa mchira makina - ichi ndi kholo kutali ndi mahatchi ndi mbidzi mu dziko.

intermediates

25 miliyoni zapitazo, padziko lonse kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi steppes anabwera kwa kusintha nkhalango. Mu Miocene (zaka 20 miliyoni zapitazo) pali mesohippus ndi parahippus kale zambiri zofanana ndi akavalo ano. A woyamba zamiyendo Inayi kholo mu mndandanda phylogenetic imatengedwa kuti ndi kavalo ndi merikgippusa pliogippusa kuti apite ku m'bwalolo moyo zaka miliyoni zapitazo. Hipparion - kugwirizana lotsiriza la zitatu toed

kholo akhala mu Miocene ndi Pliocene m'chipululu cha North America, Asia ndi Africa. Izi kavalo tridactyl, chokhala insa, sanagone ziboda, koma ine ndikhoza kuthamanga mofulumira, kudya udzu ndi kuti watenga m'gawo yaikulu.

Odnopalaya kavalo - pliogippus

oimira odnopalye enawa 5 miliyoni zapitazo m'magawo mofanana hipparions. mmene chilengedwe ndi kusintha - kukhala drier, steppe ndipo kwambiri kukula. Apa Komanso odnopalost Mbali yofunika kwambiri kupulumuka. akavalo awa anali mu msinkhu ndi mamita 1.2 pa phewa, anali awiriawiri 19 nthiti ndi akatumba amphamvu miyendo. Mano akhala yaitali akorona ndi makutu enamel a wosanjikiza simenti.

Kavalo bwino

Modern kavalo ndi chinthu chomaliza mu mndandanda phylogenetic anaonekera mu mochedwa Neogene, ndi kumapeto kwa ayezi m'badwo wotsiriza (za 10,000 zapitazo) mu Europe ndi Asia kale mamiliyoni a akavalo zakutchire msipu. Ngakhale khama la alenje wosazindikira ndi kuchepetsa msipu anapanga zakutchire kavalo m'chipani kale zaka 4000 zapitazo. Koma awiri a subspecies ake - ndi tarpan mu Russia ndi Przewalski a kavalo ku Mongolia - anatha amakhulupilira yaitali kuposa wina aliyense.

akavalo kuthengo

Lerolino, akavalo zakutchire pafupifupi wapita. Russia amati amanena Tarpan ndi Przewalski a kavalo zakutchire zimachokeradi. Ng'ombe ya akavalo kuti msipu wonse - ndi feral kuŵetedwa mawonekedwe. mahatchi amenewa ngakhale mwamsanga anabwerera ku moyo kuthengo, koma osiyana woona akavalo zakutchire.

Ali manes yaitali ndi michira, ndi iwo ali osayenerana. Mwapadera buckskin kavalo ndi Przewalski akavalo m'tchire myshastye ngati cropped mabang'i, manes ndi michira.

Ku Central ndi North America, akavalo zakutchire akhala ratu kunja Amwenye ndi anawonekera kumeneko pokhapokha kufika ku Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma XV. ana Feral mahatchi conquistadors wafunsira ng'ombe zambiri za Mustangs, chiwerengero cha zimene ukulamulidwa ndi kuwombera lero.

Kuwonjezera mustangs ku North America pali mitundu iwiri ya ponies chilumba zakutchire - pazilumba za Assateague ndi Sable. ng'ombe theka-zakutchire za akavalo camargue zimapezeka kum'mwera kwa France. Mu mapiri ndi m'madambo a UK, nawonso kupeza ena ponies zakutchire.

Favorite akavalo wathu

Man yagonjetsa kavalo ndipo ananka naye Mitundu zoposa 300. Kuyambira woposa onse kuti ponies kakang'ono ndi wokongola mtundu Mitundu. 50 Mitundu ya akavalo zimaŵetedwa ku Russia. Wotchuka wa iwo - ndi Orlov Trotter. Yekha mtundu woyera, trot kwambiri ndi see - makhalidwe amenewa kotero anamusilira Chiwerengero Orlov, amene amaonedwa tate wa mtundu umenewu.