Old Okhulupirira zithunzi: chithunzi

Kuyambira kukambirana za kusiyana pakati pa mafano Old Okhulupirira anthu kuti tili anazolowera kuona mu mipingo yathu Orthodox, ife kubwerera zitatu ndi theka zaka zapitazo, kuti bwino kulingalira, ndi maziko a zochitika m'mbiri anapanga chosowa kwambiri masiku awa mtundu uwu iconography. Kodi chodabwitsa cha okhulupirira Old, nanga zimayambitsa?

Akamanena za kusintha kwa mabishopu, Nikon

Old Okhulupirira mu dziko lathu anachitika cha m'ma XVII, kukhala chifukwa cha kugawika anagwedeza lonse Russian Orthodox. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali Kusintha, zagwiridwa ndi mabishopu, Nikon. Kwenikweni ake anali kuonetsetsa kuti kuthetsa zolakwika zambiri kuchokera pachiyambi, amene anabwera Russia ku Byzantium kuti utumiki, analamula kuti adzathe amachoka mu mabuku Greek mpingo, ndipo pa maziko a iwo kusintha yoyenera mu mwambo mapemphero.

Komanso, kusintha bwanji kunja mitundu mwambo, kuchotsa, makamaka pa dvuperstie kabwerebwere anatengedwa pa wophimba mtanda, pa troeperstie kuti lidakalipobe mpaka pano. Panalinso asintha malamulo a, kupereka dongosolo la kulemba mafano.

Anthu onse kuukira inatha kugawanika

kukonzanso uku, zomveka kwenikweni ake, koma anaika kugwira ntchito mofulumira ndipo crudely, chifukwa anachita zoipa pakati pa anthu. Zambiri anthu adakana zaluso ndi kumvera akuluakulu amatchalitchiwo. Pankhondoyi anali kukula chifukwa chakuti kusintha zinachitikadi pansi pa zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, ndi onse a adani ake anali kunenedwa ndikusamvera mfumu, amene anapereka mlandu azioneka ndale. Iwo ankatchedwa schismatics ndi mlandu.

Chifukwa, mu Russia izo anapanga wodziimira achipembedzo kayendedwe kugawanika kwa mpingo nduna ndipo dzina lake okhulupirira Old, monga otsatira ake anapitiriza lonse amatsatira malamulo chisanadze kusintha malamulo. Iwo anapulumuka masiku ano, wodziwonetsa okha kukhala Russian logwirizana mpingo chikhulupiriro.

Kodi amatchedwa zithunzi Old Okhulupirira?

Monga Okhulupirira amakhulupirira kuti kuyambira kusintha unali mpingo boma wasintha woona "Ancient Orthodox" chikhulupiriro, ndipo iwo anali onyamula ake okha, ndiye makamaka zithunzi za Old Okhulupirira Church zogwirizana ndi miyambo ya zilembo wakale.

Mu njira zambiri, mzere womwewo unkagwiritsidwa ntchito ya ambuye wa mpingo ndi boma. Choncho, mawu akuti "Old Okhulupirira mafano" adzakhala zikutanthauza okhawo amene anapita ku akulemba ndi malamulo anakhazikitsa mu njira ya kusintha.

Icon wa Mpulumutsi, anatengedwa kuchokera Okhulupirira Old

Mmene kwambiri pankhani imeneyi ndi chizindikiro akutchedwa kuti "Kristu Good Chete". Iwo amaonetsera Iisus Hristos mngelo, korona ndi korona octagonal Mulungu Atate, ndi atavala malaya a mfumu. dzina analandira mwa zolemba yoyenera kukopedwa pa izo.

Chizindikiro ichi imapezeka m'malo mwa Okhulupirira Old, ngati malamulo a mpingo boma linaletsa kuona Khristu - Mlengi wa chilengedwe chonse - mu mawonekedwe a analenga, ndiko kuti, anawalenga iwo monga zolengedwa, ndiye m'ngelo. Monga tikudziwa Malemba, Mulungu analenga lonse zooneka ndi zosaoneka dziko limene panalinso onse angelo udindo, ndi kwa mizimu ya mdima.

Komanso, zoletsedwa ndi mpingo ndi boma koma ofala pakati Old okhulupirira, ngakhale zithunzi awiri - "M'madzi ndevu Mpulumutsi" ndi "Kristu odzipereka Diso". Mu oyamba ndevu Khristu ndi mphero zooneka ndi maso lamanzere, kuposa lamanja, komanso mphero ndevu. Pa chizindikiro chachiwiri Kwalembedwa popanda kampira amene ali kotheratu ndi malamulo anavomera, komanso mutu elongated, wakuda, faintly kuonekera nkhope.

Zitsanzo zithunzi Marian ndi zithunzi woyera

mbali zake khalidwe ndi kukhala lakale amakhulupirira mafano Virgin. Ambiri mwa iwo - "Virgin Ognevidnaya". Kumasiyana ndi alipidwa ochiritsira wanda (mitundu) Marian zithunzi predominance mu ambiri mtundu chiwembu cha moto ofiira ndi wofiira mitundu, kuti n'chifukwa dzina lake zachilendo. Mayi wa Mulungu mwa iwo limaoneka yekha, popanda Child. nkhope yake nthawi zonse anatembenukira kwa kumanja.

Old Okhulupirira zithunzi za oyera mtima komanso nthawi zina ndithu kwachirendo ndi maganizo. Ena mwa iwo nthawi zina chisokonezo pakati pa wowerenga wamba. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka kwa mafano-wofera Christopher Psegolovtsa. Ndi chithunzi cha woyera ndi mutu galu. Kusiya mfundo kutanthauzira ili la fano, tiona okha amene chizindikiro ichi pamodzi ndi ena chiwembu zina zofanana inaletsedwa ndi lamulo wapadera wa Synod Woyera mu December 1722.

Zatenga malo apadera ngati zithunzi Old Okhulupirira zosonyeza otchuka kwambiri m'mbuyomu kanjedza achipembedzo magawano, amene amapatsidwa ulemu monga oyera, koma si anazindikira mwa mpingo ndi boma. Ndi, poyamba pa zonse, Old Okhulupirira kayendedwe mtsogoleri Avvakum, amene anaphedwa chifukwa cha ntchito yake mu 1682, aliuma kupembedza priverzhenitsa wakale noblewoman Feodosiya Morozova, ndipo anayambitsa Vygovskaya bespopovskogo Andrei Denisov ammudzi. Old Okhulupirira mafano, zithunzi zimene zili m'nkhani izi zidzathandiza kuti muzione makhalidwe a mitundu iyi luso achipembedzo.

General makhalidwe a zithunzi Old Okhulupirira

Ambiri, tikhoza kulankhula za chiwerengero kusiyana zopatsa wamba ambiri zithunzi anatengedwa kuchokera Okhulupirira Old. Zikuphatikizapo ambiri zolembedwa m'minda pamwamba pa utoto wosanjikiza. zithunzi komanso kuphedwa pamatabwa, yodziwika ndi mdima, nkhope zina sadzachitanso kuonekera, kaya akale mukukhulupirira chithunzi cha mayi wa Mulungu, Mpulumutsi, kapena woyera wina.

Koma funso si wotopa. Pali chinthu chinanso n'chakuti, amene inu mukhoza kuwona zithunzi Old Okhulupirira mosavuta. kusiyana kwawo ku boma ndi amaonetsa chakuti oyera akuonetsedwa akugwira dzanja zala ziwiri kuphatikiza.

Komanso, kusiyana lofunika lagona mu kulemba chidule dzina la Yesu Khristu. mfundo ndi yakuti, mwa zofunika zina za kusintha anakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa kulemba izo makalata awiri "Ine" - Yesu. Choncho adakhala chidule. Okhulupirira Old pa chizindikiro cha dzina la Mpulumutsi nthawi zonse zolembedwa mu njira yakale - Yesu, ndi munthu aikidwa mu chidule "Ine".

Pomaliza, tiyenera kutchula mtundu wina wa zithunzi bytuyuschy pakati otsutsa lapansi. Izi pewter pulasitala ndi mkuwa mortise Old Okhulupirira zithunzi ndi mitanda, kupanga zomwe ndikoletsedwa mu ziphunzitso boma.

Akukana latsopano mafano "graceless"

Pakati mbali zina m'moyo mpingo wa mabishopu, Nikon kusintha bwanji mafano analilemba. Ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma yapitayi Russian iconography iye ndinamverera mphamvu ya kupenta Western, inakulitsidwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma XVII. Malinga ndi malamulo amene unayamba ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kukonza zithunzi anakhazikitsa kalembedwe bwinobwino, m'malo msonkhano kale anali wamba ndi ophiphiritsa.

Unachititsa yogwira Zionetsero ya atsogoleri a Okhulupirira Old amene amatchedwa kunyalanyaza izi mwano, ku maganizo awo, chidole. Pa nkhani imeneyi, wodziwika polemical zolemba Avvakum, zikuchepa kudzudzulidwa zosavomerezeka "zhivopodobie" mu latsopano zitsanzo kupenta mpingo ndipo analengeza mafano amenewa graceless.

Kuuza zithunzi akale amene analenga makampani a fakes

Mawu amenewa anali chifukwa kuti popeza theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVII, Old Okhulupirira anayamba mwachangu kusonkhanitsa akale "doraskolnye" mafano, mwa amene kwambiri makamaka Andrei Rublev. Mwa njira, chifukwa izo sizinali nyota awo zojambulajambula, ndi kusankha Council Mpingo, umene unachitika zaka zana kale, ndipo anasankha kuganizira ntchito Rublev chitsanzo ojambula zithunzi m'tsogolo.

Choncho, mafano wakale wa atawalamula chawonjezeka kwambiri, ndi chifukwa iwo ali nthawi zonse anakhalabe osungira nyama, ndi kuŵeta maonekedwe wakhazikitsidwa ina "yakale yoyendera". Chotero Old Okhulupirira zithunzi amatchedwa "podfurnymi" ndipo ankagwiritsa kufalikira, kotero kuti otsatira a kupembedza wakale anayesa kuti tikane.

Art akatswiri ndiAmene ntchito watsopano

Kupewa kukhala kapolo wa chinyengo amalonda dexterous, Old Okhulupirira anakakamizika kupita intricacies onse kulemba mafano. Nzosadabwitsa kuti pakati pawo anafika woyamba Akatswiri kwambiri akatswiri m'munda wa iconography. makamaka noticeable, udindo wawo mu XIX ndi XX atumwi, pamene anthu Russian anali ndi chidwi lonse mu ntchito za luso lakalekale, choncho, kuchuluka ndi kupanga mitundu yonse ya fakes.

Old Okhulupirira osati kuyesera kupeza zithunzi akale, koma kenako anayamba kutulutsa awo, zopangidwa ndi malamulo onse kuti iwo aika. Kuyambira cha m'ma XVIII mu malo waukulu Old Okhulupirira adzakhala mwini zokambirana wake chizindikirochi-kupenta imene, kuwonjezera pa zojambula, analengedwa ndi zithunzi kuponyedwa mkuwa.