Ocean apano - ndi chiyani ichi? Zimayambitsa mafunde nyanja

Ocean apano - otaya misa madzi, umene umayenda ndi zisadzachitikenso zina ndi pafupipafupi. Yodziwika mosalekeza katundu physico-mankhwala ndi malo makamaka linalake. Ndi ozizira kapena otentha, malingana ndi umembala wa hemispheres lapansi. Aliyense mtsinje amakhala ndi kuchuluka kachulukidwe ndi anzawo. Anayeza otaya Unyinji wa madzi Sverdrup m'njira onse - mu mawu a mayunitsi buku.

mitundu mafunde

Makamaka cyclically imatsogoleredwa madzi utuluke yodziwika ndi makhalidwe monga bata, liwiro, kuya ndipo m'lifupi, katundu mankhwala zokhudza mphamvu, etc. Kuchokera gulu la padziko lonse, pali mitundu itatu ya otaya ..:

1. masinthidwe amtundu. Nyamuka atadziŵa kuthamanga hydrostatic pa zigawo isobaric madzi. Masinthidwe amtundu nyanja apano - mtsinje umene amakhala ndi yopingasa displacements isopotential madzi pamwamba. Malinga ndi zizindikiro koyamba, iwo agawanika pa osalimba, kuthamanga, katundu, malipilo ndi seiche. Chifukwa cha mafunde zimbudzi, precipitates anapanga kusungunuka ayezi.

2. Mphepo. Kuona pamalo otsetsereka a madzi a m'nyanja, ndi mphamvu Mpweya misa kachulukidwe kusinthasintha. Ndi subspecies wa kulowerera nyanja panopa. Izi madzi anachititsa mwangwiro ndi mphepo kanthu. Kusinthasintha pansi yekha pamwamba pa dziwe.

3. Tidala. Kuwonetseredwa kwambiri kwambiri mu madzi ochepa, mitsinje ndi kugombe. A mitundu osiyana ndi inertia panopa. Ndi chifukwa cha zochita za magulu angapo. Pa masiyanidwe kuyenda kusiyanitsa okhazikika, nthawi, chakum'mawa ndi mafunde malonda mphepo. Otsiriza awiri atsimikiziridwa motsogozedwa ndi kufulumizitsa olumikizana.

Zimayambitsa mafunde nyanja

Panopa, kufalitsa madzi mu madzi padziko lapansi, basi kuyambira kuti ankaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane. Mokulira mfundo zenizeni amadziwika okha padziko ndi pafupi-pamwamba mafunde. The snag yaikulu ndiyakuti Oceanographic System alibe omveka bwino ndipo likuyenda nthawi zonse. Ndi zovuta zopezera otaya chifukwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana thupi ndi mankhwala.

Komabe, mpaka pano zotsatirazi amadziwika zimayambitsa mafunde nyanja:

1. Zotsatira dziko. Izi ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi zovuta nthawi yomweyo kuphunzira njira. Pankhaniyi, pa kasinthasintha wa Earth chifukwa, mmene pa mlengalenga ndi lathuli hydrological dongosolo la matupi dziko, etc. A chitsanzo chapadera - .. mafunde.

2. Mavuto a mphepo. makope madzi ndi modalira mphamvu ndi chitsogozo cha unyinji mpweya. Nthawi zina, mungakambirane za mafunde kwambiri.

3. Kusiyana machulukidwe a. mitsinje The anapanga chifukwa likamaomba amenewa ndi kutentha kwa misa madzi.

zotsatira mumlengalenga

Mu madzi a dziko mtundu uwu wa chikoka chifukwa cha mavuto ambirimbiri sakanikira. Pamodzi ndi danga anomalies mitsinje ya madzi m'nyanja ndi maiwe ang'onoang'ono a kusintha osati malangizo, komanso mphamvu. Izi makamaka noticeable m'nyanja ndi m'mavuto. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi Gulf Stream. Pa chiyambi cha ntchito yake, iye amakhala ndi liwilo. Gulf Stream mu Florida Straits Iyamba onse chonyansa ndi tailwind. zodabwitsazi ndipamene kuthamanga cyclical pa zigawo beseni zimasweka mtsinje. Choncho, ena nthawi pali outflow ndithu ndi inflow a wambirimbiri madzi. The ofooka kuthamanga mpweya wa pamwamba pa funde mkulu.

Pamene madzi akutsikira, zopatuka amakhala ang'onoang'ono Florida Khwalala. Chifukwa mathamangidwe izi otaya ndi zayamba yafupika. Choncho, Ndizachidziwikire kuti kuthamanga amachepetsa otaya mphamvu.

Ndinakumana ndi mphepo

Kulankhulana pakati pa mafunde mpweya ndi madzi ndi mphamvu ndi nthawi yomweyo osavuta kuti ndi zovuta kuti muzindikire ndi apoyera. Iwo kalekale amalinyero anatha kuwerengetsa abwino nyanja mafunde. Ichi chinapangidwira zikomo zotheka kuti ntchito ya sayansi B. Franklin ya Gulf Stream, chibwenzi ku m'ma 18. Pambuyo zaka zingapo Alexander Von Humboldt ananena mu mndandanda wa mphepo kuchita madzi misa chachikulu cha mphamvu extraneous. Kuyambira mfundo masamu maganizo a chiphunzitso m'Malemba Tsepprits sayansi mu 1878. Kasonyeza kuti nyanja ndi zonse kutengerapo pamwamba wosanjikiza madzi pa milingo zakuya. Pankhaniyi, inakhudza kwambiri kayendedwe ka mphamvu amakhala mphepo. The otaya mathamangidwe mu nkhani iyi ndi njila kwa amachepetsa mozama. Kuona chikhalidwe cha kufalitsidwa zonse madzi ndi nthawi wamphamvu yaitali kanthu mphepo. Kupatula utuluke ankaona yekha malonda mphepo mpweya amene amayambitsa kayendedwe ka misa madzi nyanja kunyanja gulu olumikizana.

kachulukidwe kusiyana

Zotsatira za chinthu ichi pa kufalitsa madzi ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha mafunde m'nyanja. maphunziro zikuluzikulu za chiphunzitso ndi mayiko ulendo Challenger. Kenako, ntchito ya asayansi akhala kutsimikiziridwa mwa sayansi Denmark.

Heterogeneity machulukidwe madzi misa chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo. Iwo nthawi zonse mu chikhalidwe, kupereka yothandizira hydrological dongosolo la dziko. kupatuka aliyense wa zotsatira madzi kutentha kusintha kachulukidwe ake. Pankhaniyi, pali ubale osiyanitsidwa. The apamwamba kutentha, m'munsi osalimba.

Komanso, kusiyana maonekedwe zokhudza boma akaphatikiza madzi. Yozizira kapena evaporation kumawonjezera osalimba, mpweya - amachepetsa. Zingamvekere mphamvu ya panopa ndi amenewa ya misa madzi. Izo zimatengera limatsogolera ayezi, mpweya ndi evaporation misinkhu. Kumbali ya osalimba a nyanja m'goli ndithu. Imeneyi imagwiranso pamwamba ndi zigawo zakuya za malo madzi.

Mafunde a Pacific Ocean

Chiwembu ambiri utuluke anatsimikiza mtima kufalitsa m'mlengalenga. Choncho, kum'mawa malonda mphepo kumathandiza kuti mapangidwe njira North. Iwo mitanda madzi a Islands Philippines ku America Central. Iwo ali mikono iwiri kuti kudyetsa dziwe Chiindonesia kunyanja nyanja watsopano wa Pacific Ocean. Mu kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, yaikulu m'dera madzi utuluke ndi Kuroshio, Alaska ndi California Current. Woyamba awiri - ofunda. Mtsinje wachitatu ndi chimfine nyanja panopa Pacific. Kusambira dziwe kum'mwera Chigawo mawonekedwe Australia ndi Equatorial Current. Kum'mawa kwa madzi a pakati pali Equatorial Undercurrent. Gombe la America South, pali nthambi ya ozizira Peru mtsinje.

M'nthawi ya chilimwe pafupi equator zimene nyanja panopa El Niño. Iwo amakankhira kuzizira madzi misa otaya Peru kupanga nyengo yabwino.

Indian Ocean ndi mafunde ake

Mbali wakumpoto wa beseni ndi amakhala ndi kusintha nyengo ya mafunde ofunda ndi ozizira. Chotero zotsatira mphamvu zonse chifukwa cha kufalitsidwa yamvula. M'nyengo yozizira chimaposa Southwestern panopa kuti zimachokera ku Bay la Bengal. A zina kum'mwera pang'ono ndi West. Izi panopa nyanja mitanda ya Indian Ocean madzi gombe la Africa ku zilumba Nicobar.

Mu chilimwe, chakum'mawa kumathandiza atasintha madzi pamwamba. Equatorial yopatsirana ali ankatembenukira kwa kuya ndipo kwambiri wotaya mphamvu yake. Chifukwa, malo ake atengedwa ndi wamphamvu Chisomali ndi ofunda Madagascar Current.

The kufalitsidwa kwa Ocean Arctic

Chifukwa chachikulu kukula kwa mafunde apansi pamadzi mu gawo la nyanja ndi kuchuluka amphamvu misa madzi kuchokera m'dera Atlantic. chakuti kalekale ayezi chivundikiro kumathandiza m'mlengalenga ndi matupi dziko yaikulu kufalitsa mkati. Ndime lofunika kwambiri la Ocean Arctic akuganiza North Atlantic. Iwo fetches mabuku yaikulu misa ofunda, yakuti madzi kutentha dontho kwa exponents yovuta.

Pakuti malangizo a ayezi kulowerera ndi udindo Trans-Arctic. Mwa zina mitsinje yaikulu tingaone Yamal, Spitsbergen, Nortkapskoe ndi mafunde Norway, komanso nthambi ya Gulf Stream.

Mafunde ya Atlantic beseni

The amenewa madzi nyanja zedi mkulu. Magawidwe a makope madzi ndi anafooka mwa maiwe ena. Apa, waukulu nyanja apano - Gulf Stream. Uyamiko kwa Iye, pafupifupi kutentha magawo madzi imapachikidwa pa kuzungulira 17 madigiri. Izi ndi ofunda nyanja panopa wa Atlantic Ocean umafunda hemispheres onse.

Ndi zofunika kwambiri utuluke beseni ndi Canary, Brazil, Benguela ndi Equatorial Current.