Kapangidwe ka Arc reflex. Reflex mphete. Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa mantha dongosolo

Aliyense wa ife kamodzi pa moyo wake analankhula mawu akuti "ndili ndi reflex", koma anthu ochepa mukumvetsa zimene ikunena. Pafupifupi moyo wathu wonse zachokera bongo. Kutangoyamba, iwo kuti tidzapulumuke mukadzakula - kugwira ntchito bwino ndi kukhala athanzi. Kumvera bongo, timapuma, kuyenda, kudya, ndi zambiri.

reflex

Reflex - ndiko kuyankha za thupi nzothandiza yomwe ikuchitika ndi wamanjenje dongosolo. Iwo adzasonyeza chiyambi kapena kuchotsedwa ntchito iliyonse: kayendedwe ka minofu, zopangitsa endocrine, kusintha kamvekedwe mtima. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti mofulumira kusintha kwa malo kusintha. Kutanthauza bongo mu moyo wa munthu kwambiri moti ngakhale tsankho awo Kupha (kuchotsa pa opaleshoni, zoopsa, sitiroko, khunyu), kuyambitsa chilema.

Kuphunzira dongosolo chapakati ndi zotumphukira mantha nawo IP Pavlov ndi IM Gawo. Anasiya zambiri kwa mibadwo ya m'tsogolo ya madokotala. Poyamba sitinali kugawana Psychiatry ndi ubongo, koma pambuyo ntchito Madokotala aubongo awo anayamba kuchita nokha, kudziunjikira zinachitikira ndi nthawi yosanthula izo.

mitundu ya bongo

bongo lonse anawagawa makonzedwe ndi chopanda malire. Woyamba yanthanda pa moyo wa munthu ndi mu ndondomeko umanena, ku mbali yaikulu, ndi chimene iye anali kuchita. Ena mwa luso anapeza pa nthawi, kutha, ndipo malo awo atengedwa ndi watsopano, m'pofunika kwambiri mu zochitika. Zikuphatikizapo kupalasa njinga, kuvina, kusewera zoimbira, luso bizinesi, galimoto, ndi zina. bongo awa amatchedwa "zazikulu stereotype".

bongo chikomokere ngati zinaperekedwa anthu onse mofanana, ndipo kumeneko tili kuyambira kubadwa. Iwo apitiriza moyo, popeza kuthandiza moyo wathu. Anthu samazindikira kuti ayenera kupuma, kuchepetsa minofu mtima, thupi lako mu mlengalenga mu kaimidwe ena, m'kuphethira, kuyetsemula, etc. Izi zimachitika basi, chifukwa chikhalidwe watenga kutisamalira.

gulu la bongo

Pali classifications angapo bongo zimene zimasonyeza ntchito zawo kapena amasonyeza mlingo wa maganizo. Munthu angathe tchulani ena a iwo.

tanthauzo Tizilombo anali akutali bongo:

• chakudya;
• chitetezo
• kugonana
• zimasonyeza;
• bongo kudziwa thupi malo (pozotonicheskie);
• bongo kusuntha.

Malinga ndi malo a maselo amene ndazindikira kuwalimbikitsa akhoza kuzindikiridwa:

• exteroreceptors kuti ali pa khungu ndipo zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana mucous;
• interoreceptors ili ziwalo mkati ndi mitsempha;
• proprioceptors adazindikira kuyabwa minofu, mafupa ndi tendons.

Kudziwa classifications atatu akhoza anagonjera reflex aliyense pofotokoza: izo anapeza kapena kobadwa nako, amene ntchito amachita ndi momwe icho.

Akukwera reflex Arc

Kwa Madokotala aubongo kofunika kudziwa mlingo wa mmene reflex yatsekedwa. Izi zimathandiza bwino kudziwa zinkakhala m'dera ndi kulosera kuwononga thanzi. Kusiyanitsa bongo msana, manyuroni galimoto zomwe zili mu chingwe msana. Iwo ali ndi udindo thupi zimango, minofu chidule, ntchito ziwalo m'chiuno. Kuthandiza apamwamba mlingo - mu medulla oblongata, anapeza malo bulbar kuti zonse malovu zopangitsa, ena nkhope minofu, kupuma ndipo mtima ntchito. Kuwononga dipatimentiyi ili pafupi amapha.

The midbrain anatseka bongo mesencephalic. Kwenikweni ndi Arc reflex wa misempha cranial. kusiyana A ndi diencephalic bongo komaliza minyewa limene lili mu diencephalon lapansi. Ndipo bongo yokhudza kotekisi, amene amatsogozedwa ndi kotekisi ubongo. Monga ulamuliro, izo anaphunzira luso.

Onani kuti kapangidwe ka Arc reflex zokhudza malo apamwamba Kutsata ya ubongo zonse zikuphatikizapo milingo m'munsi. Kuti ndi njira corticospinal adzadutsa mungafike, pakati, oblong ndi msana.

The Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ya ubongo zoti kuti aliyense reflex lingafanane arcs angapo. Izi amasunga ntchito za thupi, ngakhale ndi kuvulala ndi matenda.

Arc reflex

Reflex Arc - ndi mitsempha mopupuluma kufala njira kwa cholinga thupi (cholandilira) popereka. Mantha reflex Arc tichipeza manyuroni ndi njira yao imene imapanga dera. Mfundo imeneyi anali anadzetsa mankhwala M.Hollom pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, koma nthawi, izo lidzasinthidwa "mphete reflex." Anaganiza kuti mawu amenewa bwino akuganizira njira zimene zimachitika mu wamanjenje dongosolo.

Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa kusiyanitsa monosynaptic, komanso thuu ndi trehneyronnye Arc Nthawi zina polisinapticheskie bongo, ie, kuphatikizapo manyuroni oposa atatu. Arc losavuta tichipeza manyuroni ziwiri: perceiver ndi galimoto ndi. The zimachitika umadutsa ndondomeko lalitali la ubongo ku malo mitsempha, womwe transmits kuti minofu kuti. bongo zimenezi nthawi zambiri popanda chifukwa.

M'madipatimenti reflex Arc

Kapangidwe ka Arc reflex tichipeza m'madipatimenti asanu.

The choyamba - ndi lilime wolandira mfundo. Iwo akhoza ili onse padziko thupi (khungu, mucosal), ndipo mu kuya kwake (diso, tendons, minofu). Morphologically cholandilira ingaoneke monga njira yaitali ubongo kapena m'bulu wa maselo.

Chachiwiri gawo - tcheru mitsempha CHIKWANGWANI, yomwe transmits malemeredwe pa Arc ndi. Matupi a manyuroni izi zili kunja kwa dongosolo chapakati mantha (CNS), mu malo msana. Ntchito yawo ndi ofanana ndi mivi njanji mayendedwe. Ndiko kuti, manyuroni kugawira mudziwe kuti chiwadzere, pa magulu a chapakati mantha dongosolo.

Chachitatu gawo - danga kusinthana tcheru ulusi galimoto. Ambiri ndi bongo mu chingwe msana, koma ena Arc zovuta pochitika mwachindunji kupyolera ubongo, monga zodzitetezera tentative, bongo chakudya.

Division chachinayi anapereka galimoto CHIKWANGWANI kuti akukamba zikhumbo mitsempha ku msana manyuroni chingwe galimoto kapena effector.

Last, wachisanu magawano - thupi kuti reflex ntchito. Kawirikawiri minofu kapena England, monga mwana, mtima, kugonana, kapena malovu England.

The katundu thupi malo mitsempha

The Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ya ubongo ndi variable misinkhu yake yosiyanasiyana. Kenako anaumba dipatimenti, kovuta ntchito ndi lamulo m'thupi. Pali katundu zisanu zomwe zimachitikira malo onse mitsempha, kaya zimachititsa chilumbachi:

1. Kuchititsa malemeredwe chabe ku cholandilira kwa effector ubongo. Physiologically, ichi ndi chifukwa synapses (manyuroni mfundo kugwirizana) Kugwila njira imodzi yokha ndipo simungathe kusintha izo.

2. Kuchedwa kwa malemeredwe mitsempha kumagwirizananso ndi kuchuluka kwa manyuroni mu Arc, ndipo chotero, ndi synapses. Kuti lithe ndi mtundu (mankhwala nzothandiza), kumasula mu mphanga synaptic ndi kuthera zosangalatsa, zimatenga nthawi zoposa ngati nyemba kufalitsa chabe pamodzi mitsempha CHIKWANGWANI.

3. Chimangirizo excitations. Izi zimachitika pamene kuwalimbikitsa ndi ofooka, koma nthawi zonse ndi rhythmically mobwerezabwereza. Pankhaniyi, mkhalapakati ndi atasunga nembanemba synaptic mpaka si kwambiri kuchuluka, kenako chikutumiza zimachitika. Chitsanzo zosavuta zodabwitsazi - akuchita sneezing.

4. Kusintha kwa mlingo malemeredwe. Kapangidwe ka Arc reflex, komanso mbali ya ubongo moti ngakhale mu kayendedwe wozengereza nzothandiza izo kukakumana wa patsogolo - kuchokera makumi asanu nthawi mazana awiri pa mphindi. Choncho, minofu thupi ndi kuchepetsedwa tetanic, mwachitsanzo discontinuously.

5. Reflex aftereffect. The manyuroni wa Arc reflex ali mu mkhalidwe okondwa kwa nthawi yaitali kuchokera kutha kwa nzothandiza lapansi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali maganizo awiri. Loyamba limati maselo mitsempha kuti kupatsira malemeredwe wa yachiwiri yaitali kuposa nzothandiza ndipo potero kutalikitsa reflex. wachiwiri zachokera mphete reflex amene anatseka pakati manyuroni awiri wapakatikati. Iwo zimafalitsa malemeredwe bola ngati mmodzi wa iwo sangathe kupanga adzionere kapena mpaka palibe kunja braking chenjezo chizindikiro.

6. Wamira malo mitsempha zidzachitika kukondoweza yaitali maselo a. Izi anawonetseredwa kuchepa poyamba, ndiyeno kwathunthu alibe tilinazo.

Autonomic reflex Arc

Ndi wamanjenje dongosolo kuti zipangizo ndi malemeredwe ndipo amachititsa mopupuluma mantha kutali, somatic ndi autonomic mantha Arc. Mbali yapadera ndi kuti reflex kwa minofu chigoba si linasokonekera, ndi ganglia autonomic chofunika kusinthana pa. malo onse mitsempha zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu:

• Vertebral (msana) ganglia zokhudza mantha dongosolo chisoni. Iwo ili mbali ya msana, kupanga zipilala.
• mfundo Prespinal ili pa mtunda ndi pa ndime msana, ndi kuboma. Zikuphatikizapo ciliary ganglion, khomo lachiberekero mfundo wachifundo ndi plexus dzuwa ndi mfundo mesenteric.
• mfundo Intraorganic si zovuta ndikuganiza, zili ziwalo za mkati: mtima minofu, bronchial, chubu matumbo, ndi zopangitsa endocrine.

kusiyana pakati pa machitidwe somatic ndi autonomic ndi mizu phylogeny, ndipo imakhudzana ndi kafalitsidwe mathamangidwe wa bongo ndi kufunika awo.

Kuzindikira za reflex

Kunja pa Arc reflex akulowa cholandilira kukondoweza, zomwe zimabweretsa malemeredwe ndi zosayembekezereka kwa mitsempha mtima. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi ndi kusintha mu ndende kashiamu ndi sodium wochuluka ayoni, amene ali mbali zonse za selo nembanemba. Kusintha chiwerengero cha anions ndi cations amachititsa olakwika angathe magetsi ndi zochitika za kumaliseche.

Kuyambira kukondoweza cholandilira, centripetally avundulidwe akulowa afferent kugwirizana reflex Arc - cerebrospinal mfundo. Scion izo zifika pa chingwe msana kwa mitima tcheru, kenako masiwichi kwa manyuroni injini. Izi kugwirizana chapakati reflex lapansi. Njira galimoto mtima wa chingwe msana zili pamodzi ndi mizu ina ndipo anatumizidwa ku actuators kake. Ulusi minofu thicker kutha galimoto zolengeza.

Baud umagunda mofulumira zimatengera mtundu wa ulusi mitsempha ndi lingayambire pakukhala mamita 0.5 100 pa mphindi. Malemeredwe si kunditumiza ku misempha pafupi chifukwa zipolopolo pamaso kusakonda njira kwa mnzake.

Kutanthauza reflex chopinga

Popeza mitsempha CHIKWANGWANI ndiwokwanitsa kusunga yaitali mukubwadamuka, ndi braking ndi yofunika dziphunzitsiranso limagwirira wa chamoyo. Uyamiko kwa Iye, maselo mitsempha Samva kutopa zonse ndi overstimulation. Contact afferentation, umene anazindikira ndi braking, kumatanthauza mapangidwe bongo wabwino ndipo amachotsa kufunika chapakati mantha dongosolo yosanthula ntchito yachiwiri. Izi zimabweretsa mgwirizano bongo, mwachitsanzo, mwaulesi.

Feedback afferentation komanso kumathandiza kafalitsidwe wa zikhumbo mitsempha kwa nyumba ina ya ubongo, pokhalabe ntchito yawo.

Woyang'anira ntchito ya ubongo

Munthu akakhala wathanzi ziwalo zonse zinthu mogwirizana ndi anavomera. Iwo ali omumvera dongosolo yunifolomu ya mgwirizano. Kapangidwe ka Arc reflex - izi ndi mlandu yapadera, kutsimikizira ulamuliro umodzi. Mofanana ndi dongosolo lina lirilonse, munthu, nayenso, pali mfundo kapena malamulo imene umagwira:

• Mgwirizano (nyemba zigawo zosiyana angafike gawo limodzi la CNS);
• walitsa (yaitali ndi mkwiyo woopsa amachititsa malemeredwe malo moyandikana);
• reciprocity (chopinga ena bongo ena);
• wamba komaliza njira (zochokera manyuroni zikusiyana kuchuluka afferent kuti efferent);
• (Dongosolo kudziletsa lamulo zochokera chiwerengero cha nyemba analandira ndi kwaiye) ndemanga;
• lalikulu (pamaso pa cholinga chachikulu cha malemeredwe, amene overlaps zina).