Kupuma dongosolo: kapangidwe ka ziwalo. Pleura - ndi ... Pleural M'mimbamo kuwala

Monga mukudziwa, popanda mpweya munthu sangathe kuchita kuposa mphindi zitatu. Pa m'matangadza izi mpweya, kotero mu magazi, akuchitiridwa zatha, ndipo apo pakubwera njala ya ubongo zomwe akuwonekera syncope, ndi Zikavuta - chikomokere ngakhale imfa. Kumene, wophunzitsidwa mu china anthu anali ndi mwayi nthawi airless wa ku zisanu, zisanu ndi ziwiri, kapena maminiti khumi, koma anthu ambiri chodziwikiratu kugula. njira kagayidwe kachakudya zikuchitika mu thupi, amafuna chakudya zonse okosijeni, ndi ntchito bwino kusamalira dongosolo kupuma.

masiteji kupuma

Mpweya kuwombola pakati pa chamoyo ndi chilengedwe chikuchitika mu magawo anayi:

1. Air ku malo akunja limalowera mu mapapo, nudzaza malo onse alipo.
2. Mayamwidwe mpweya, kuphatikizapo mpweya, kudutsa khoma alveoli (m'mapapo mwanga structural wagawo) mu magazi.
3. Hemoglobin ali maselo ofiira chimango kwambiri mpweya ndi kupita nako thupi lonse. A mbali yaing'ono amasungunula mu magazi sichinasinthe.
4. Mpweya masamba hemoglobin ndi pawiri umadutsa khoma chotengera maselo ndi minofu ndi ziwalo.

Taonani kuti pochita zimenezi kokha dongosolo kupuma pa siteji koyamba, mpumulo zimadalira chikhalidwe cha magazi, katundu, ndi mlingo wa kagayidwe minofu. Komanso, mapapu mtsikana kuwombola kutentha, excretion wa poizoni, mapangidwe mawu.

thunthu

Dziko lonse la kupuma lagawidwa m'magawo awiri, malingana ndi malo ake ziwalo.

airway Upper zigwirizana m'mphuno ndipo cavities m'kamwa, nasopharynx, oropharynx, pakhosi ndi pharynx. Ndipo kwakukulukulu kuimira M'mimbamo popangidwa ndi makoma a chigaza fupa kapena connective musculo-mafupa.

M'munsi thirakiti kupuma zikuphatikizapo kholingo trachea ndi bronchi. Alveoli mu gulu ili sali m'gulu, ngati iwo ali mbali yofunika ya m'mapapo parenchyma ndi gawo osachiritsika a machubu bronchial imodzi.

Mwachidule za lililonse limakhala constituent pa mundawo kupuma.

M'mimbamo m'mphuno

Iwo osteochondral maphunziro, limene lili patsogolo pa chigaza ndi. Amakhala ndi awiri cavities sanali kulankhulana (kumanja ndi kumanzere) ndi kugawa pakati pawo kuti ndipamene Inde tortuous. Mu M'mimbamo m'mphuno aphimbidwa ndi Kakhungu mucous, ndi ambiri Mitsempha. Mbali imeneyi zimathandiza kulimbitsa mpweya loyenda m'kati inhalation. Ndi kukhalapo kwa cilia yaing'ono zosefera kunja fumbi lalikulu, mungu ndi dothi linalo. Komanso, ndi M'mimbamo m'mphuno kumathandiza munthu kusiyanitsa zofukiza.

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, pakhosi ndi pharynx kutumikira kwa ndime ya kutenthetsa mpweya kuloŵa m'mphako ya. Kapangidwe ka chapamwamba ziwalo thirakiti kupuma ndi umafananirako kwa thunthu a Chigaza ndi pafupifupi kwathunthu akubwereza izo chimango minofu ndi mafupa.

m'phuno

Human mitundu Voice mwachindunji kuloŵa m'mphako ya. Kumeneko anapeza timinofu ndi akututuma pa ndime therethrough wa otaya mpweya. Izi zikufanana ndi chingwe, koma chifukwa cha peculiarities wa kapangidwe (kutalika, makulidwe), angathe si kamvekedwe limodzi. Kumveka mawu ndi nakweza chifukwa cha kuyandikana kwa cavities intracranial kapena sinuses, amene amapereka yankho ena. Koma mau - izo alibe. Kulankhula zikumveka yekha anapanga tikalumikizana ntchito mbali zonse constituent wa chapamwamba kupuma thirakiti mantha dongosolo.

The trachea, kapena windpipe, ndi chubu amene pa dzanja limodzi tichipeza chichereŵechereŵe, ndi zina - a Mitsemphayi. M'litali - teni mpaka fifitini masentimita. Pa mlingo wa chisanu thoracic linkawonongeka lagawidwa bronchi ziwiri: lamanzere ndi lamanja. Kapangidwe ka ziwalo m'munsi kupuma makamaka ankaimira chichereŵechereŵe, amene kuphatikiza kupanga chubu, kupereka mpweya kuya m'mapapo parenchyma.

Kulekana kwa dongosolo kupuma

Pleura - ndi woonda kunja chigoba cha kuwala, kudzera mwa serous connective minofu. Kunja, angathe kumwedwa kwa ❖ kuyanika wanzeru zoteteza, ndipo si kutali kwambiri ndi Choonadi. Limafotokoza ndi ziwalo kuchokera kumbali zonse, ndipo lili padziko lamkati la pachifuwa. Anatomically awiri pleural wolemekezeka: chimodzi chimakwirira kuunika, ndi mizere zina mkati mwa chifuwa patsekeke.

choipidwa wosanjikiza

Gawo la chipolopolo amene ali pamwamba pa ziwalo mkati amatchedwa choipidwa kapena m'mapapo mwanga pleura. Iwo molimba soldered kwa parenchyma (lenileni kulemera) mapapo, ndipo zitha ankasiyana opaleshoni. Ndi kupyolera mukulumikizana wolimba, ndi kubwereza kwa contours thupi tingalipeze mizere kulekanitsa kuwala m'zigawo. Ndime zimenezi zimatchedwa osati monga interlobar pleura. Kubwera kudzera padziko lonse m'mapapo minofu connective ozungulira muzu wa phapo, kuteteza ziwiya membala ake, mitsempha ndi bronchus chachikulu, ndiyeno chimatsatira khoma pachifuwa.

parietal tsamba

Kuyambira malo akafa chidutswa cha minofu connective amatchedwa "parietal, ndi parietal pleura." Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ubwenzi izo tsopano osati m'mapapo parenchyma, ndi nthiti, minofu intercostal ndi fascia awo ndi zakulera. Mbali yofunika akuti ndi chakuti mu serosa akhala lonse, ngakhale kusiyana maina mtunda. Thunthu kwa mayiko awo kusiyanitsa costal, diaphragmatic ndi madipatimenti mediastinal, monga mbali ya pleura pamwamba pa phapo amatchedwa mzikiti.

M'mimbamo

Pakati pa mapepala awiri pleura pali kusiyana yaing'ono (osapitirira asanu ndi magawo a millimeter a), izi ndi M'mimbamo pleural a m'mapapo. Kabukuka kali ndi chinsinsi chimene amapanga mwachindunji serosa. Mu munthu wabwinobwino wathanzi umabala tsiku chabe Botolo ochepa a thunthu. madzimadzi Pleural chofunika kuchepetsa mphamvu mikangano pakati pa mapepala a minofu connective pa kupuma.

boma pathological

Kwenikweni matenda pleural ndi yotupa mu chirengedwe. Monga ulamuliro, ndi m'malo vuto kuposa matenda palokha, monga ulamuliro, amaona madokotala molumikizana ndi zizindikiro zina matenda. TB - ndicho chifukwa ambiri chifukwa chofuna pleura. The matenda ofala anthu. Mu Baibulo tingachipeze powerenga za matenda chachikulu amapezeka m'mapapo. Kapangidwe ka dongosolo kupuma amachititsa kutupa kusintha ndi woyambitsa wa parenchyma mu serosa lapansi.

Mu oyambitsa Kuwonjezera TB pleura kutupa kungakhale neoplastic, njira autoimmune, chifuwa, chibayo, chifukwa Streptococcus, Staphylococcus ndi kuvulala pyogenic zomera.

Pleurisy m'chilengedwe zauma (fibrinous) ndi exudative (exudative).

kutupa youma

Mu nkhani iyi, vasculature mu connective mapepala kutupikana exuded therefrom wamng'ono kuchuluka kwa madzi. Ndi makutu kuti patsekeke pleural ndi ndipamene misa wandiweyani amene waikamo padziko m'mapapo. Zikavuta, kuukira awa zambiri moti mosavuta anapanga padziko chipolopolo imene anaigwira mwakhama kumathandiza munthu kupuma. Vuto Izi kudzudzulidwa popanda opaleshoni zosatheka.

exudative kutupa

Ngati madzimadzi pleural amapangidwa ambiri, ndiye mmodzi ayankhula wa effusion pleural. Izo, nawonso, ogaŵikana serous, hemorrhagic ndi purulent. Izi zidalira pa chikhalidwe cha madzi, limene lili pakati pa mapepala connective minofu.

Ngati madzi bwino kapena pang'ono chimbuuzi, wachikasu - ndi serous effusion. Lili zambiri zomanga thupi ndi pang'ono maselo ena. Zimakhala kumlingo mukumveka lonse pachifuwa M'mimbamo, compressing ziwalo dongosolo kupuma ndi kulepheretsa ntchito yawo.

Dokotala anaona pa puncture matenda, kuti chifuwa ndi madzi ofiira, amanena kuti pali kuwonongeka kwa chotengeracho. Zifukwa angakhale osiyana: kuchokera bala ozama ndi chatsekedwa wovulala nthiti ndi kusamutsidwa a zotsala fupa kusungunula tuberculous m'mapapo minofu patsekeke.

Pamaso pa exudate mu ambiri a maselo oyera kuvumbitsira mitambo, ndi lachikasu wobiriwira kulocha. mafinya ichi, kutanthauza kuti wodwalayo tizilombo toyambitsa ndi mavuto aakulu. Purulent pleurisy mwinamwake otchedwa empyema. Nthawi zina kudzikundikira yotupa madzimadzi ndi kupereka Vuto pa minofu mtima, kuchititsa pericarditis.

Monga tikuonera, dongosolo kupuma imakhala osati a m'mapapo. Pamafunikanso mphuno ndi mkamwa, pharynx ndi m'phuno ndi zingwe, trachea, bronchi, mapapo, ndi, ndithudi, pleura. Izi ndi chiwalo zovuta, amene umagwira ntchito bwino, kubweretsa thupi mpweya ndi mpweya wina mpweya. Pofuna kukhala limagwirira ichi mu dongosolo, inu ayenera kukumana ndi zonse pachifuwa X-ray, kupewa matenda pachimake kupuma, ndi zonse patsogolo chitetezo chokwanira awo. Ndiye, kungasokoneze wa chilengedwe adzakhala zochepa bwanji ntchito kupuma.