Ntchito yaikulu kwambiri ya electrolysis

Kumayambiriro kwazaka za m'ma 1900 ndi 1900, zinthu zambiri zidapangidwa, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti sayansi yatsopano isinthe - electrochemistry. Ndipo oyambitsa sayansi iyi anali asayansi awiri. Katswiri wa zaumoyo wa ku Italy L. Galvani ndi katswiri wa sayansi wa Chingerezi A. Volt, yemwe mu 1799 adalenga mankhwala opangira mankhwala - "Volta Pole". Anali asayansiwa omwe adatha kupeza kuti pamene magetsi akudutsa mchere wothira mchere, ndiye kusintha kwa mankhwala kumachitika mu njirayi, yomwe tsopano ikutchedwa electrolytic. Mwa zokha, electrolysis ndi dongosolo lovuta kwambiri la njira zosiyanasiyana. Kusunthira (zizindikiro zosayenera zimakhala ndi anode, ndipo zimakhala zogwirizana ndi zovuta) ndi ion kufalitsidwa. Izi ndizonso zamagetsi osiyanasiyana zomwe zimachitika pakati pa mankhwala opangidwa ndi electrolysis okha, pakati pa mankhwalawa ndi electrolyte, pakati pawo ndi electrode.

Ndipo kuphunzira kwa njirazi sikuli ndi phindu la sayansi basi. Kugwiritsa ntchito electrolysis kuli kwenikweni pakali pano. Mwachitsanzo, pure hydrogen, sodium kapena nickel ingapezeke mwa njira iyi. Ndipo mu makampani, njira zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zosafunikira, monga oxygen, hydrogen, alkali, klorini ndi zina zosakhala zitsulo. Ndiponso, electrolysis imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa zitsulo zina (siliva, mkuwa). Njira zogwiritsira ntchito magetsi zakhala zifukwa zopezera lithiamu, potaziyamu, sodium, zinki, magnesiamu ndi zitsulo zina, komanso zitsulo zamkuwa.

Kuwonjezera apo, kugwiritsa ntchito electrolysis mu injini ndikumapanganso zinthu zakuthupi, galvanic zokutira ndi zitsulo zamagetsi (electropolishing, borating, cleaning and nitriding). Pali electrophoresis, electrodialysis, electroforming ndi njira zina zofanana zomwe zimagwira ntchito. Komanso, mtengo wa electrolysis umakhala mukuti umapanga choyera, pafupifupi 100% zitsulo.

Tengani osachepera mkuwa. Mkuwa wa Copper uli ndi oxides, mankhwala a sulfure, komanso zosafunika zazitsulo zina. Ndipo mkuwa, wopangidwa kuchokera ku chonchi, ndi zodetsa zonse izi zimaponyedwa mwa mawonekedwe a mbale. Ndiye mbale izi monga anode zimayikidwa mu njira ya mkuwa sulfate (CuSO4). Kenako amatsatira kugwiritsa ntchito electrolysis. Mphamvu inayake imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa electrode ya kusamba ndi chitsulo choyera kumatulutsidwa pamtunda. Ndipo zosalala zonse zakunja zimadutsa kapena zimadutsa mu electrolyte, popanda kuima panja pamtunda.

Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito electrolysis ndikofunikanso kupanga aluminium. Njira yothetsera madzi siidagwiritsidwe ntchito mu njirayi, imalowetsedwa ndi bauxite osungunuka. Mankhwala oterewa ali ndi aluminum oxide, komanso okusayidi yachitsulo ndi silicon. Pambuyo pa mankhwala a bauxite ndi alkali, mankhwala otchedwa alumina amapezeka. Alumina iyi imayikidwa m'ng'anjo yamoto, pansi ndi makoma omwe mbale za carbon zimayikidwa. Ma mbale awa akugwirizana ndi zolakwika za magetsi. Ndipo kuwonjezera pake, gwirizanitsani chombo cha carbon, chimene chimadutsa mu khoma la ng'anjoyi. Ndipo pamene anode ikuchepetsa, magetsi amachokera m'ng'anjo , kusungunula alumina. Ndiye, kale mu minofu iyi yosungunuka, ndondomeko ya electrolytic imapezeka. Ndipo pansi pa ng'anjo, zowonjezera (mpaka 99.5%) zowonjezera zowonjezera zimapezeka, zomwe zimatsanulidwa mu nkhungu.

Koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa electrolysis sikuti ndikumagetsi kokha. Mwa njira iyi, chitsulo chimodzi chikhoza kuvala ndi wosanjikiza wa chitsulo china. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa electroplating ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza pamwamba pa chitsulo kuchokera ku okosijeni, kumapatsa mphamvu zowonjezereka, ndikupangitsanso kuti nkhopeyi ikuoneka bwino. Ndipo monga zokutira, nickel ndi chromium nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe sizingakhale zowonjezereka ndi zitsulo kapena zitsulo zabwino monga siliva ndi golidi.

Pachifukwa ichi, chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito chikugwedezeka bwino, choyeretsedwa ndi kupukutidwa. Kenaka amaika mu galvanic monga cathode . Electrolyte mu bafa iyi ndi yankho lazitsulo zamchere, zomwe zidzakumbidwa ndi mankhwala. Ndipo anode amapangidwa ndi zitsulo zomwezo. Ndipo kuti chophimba ichi chikhale yunifolomu, chingwechi chimayikidwa pakati pa zigawo ziwiri. Kenaka wamakono amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa electrode, ndipo zipangizozi zimakhala ndi chikhomo cha siliva, golide, nickel kapena chromium.

Kulibe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa electrolysis, yomwe imatchedwa electroforming. Njira iyi imalandira makope kuchokera ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana zitsulo (ndarama, ndalama, bas-reliefs). Kuti muchite izi, chinthu chopangidwa ndi chopangidwa ndi pulasitiki, monga sera. Kenaka amadzazidwa ndi fumbi la graphite kuti apereke magetsi opangira mavitamini ndikuyika kabuku kameneka kusambira komwe kumakhala kosavuta. Ndipo mwa electrolysis kopikirayi ili ndi chingwe chachitsulo cha kufunika kwake. Ndipo Sera imachotsedwanso ndi Kutentha. Ndipo iyi ndi gawo laling'ono chabe la mwayi, womwe umapereka njira yotchedwa electrolysis.