Galápagos finch: magwero a mitundu. The zifukwa kusiyana kapangidwe ka mlomo wa

Chifukwa chakuti ndi Islands Galápagos sanakhalepo gawo la Chile, ndipo anatuluka matumbo a dziko lapansi, ndi nyama ndi zomera awo ndi wapadera. Ambiri mwa oimira ali kuderako, ndipo kuposa kwina kulikonse mu dziko sanalembedwepo. Zikuphatikizapo osiyanasiyana ndi mbalame za Darwin. Iwo anafotokozedwa koyamba Charles Darwin, amene anapeza phindu mu zasokoneza.

magwero a mitundu

Kuderako gulu la mbalame zazing'ono, asayansi ena amanena kuti emberizidae banja, ena - kuti Tanager. Dzina chachiwiri - Darwin - analandira kuyamika anatulukira ake. Young, wofuna wasayansi anali zilumba anadabwa chikhalidwe. Iye anandiuza kuti zonse mbalame ku zilumba za Galápagos ndi kholo limodzi, ali kuno zaka zoposa 2 miliyoni zapitazo ku Africa yapafupi, ndiko kuti, osalephera, ku America South.

mbalame zonse ang'ono, kutalika kwa thupi ndi zaka 10-20 masentimita Chachikulu kusiyana, lomwe analichita Charles Darwin ndi maganizo speciation -. mawonekedwe The ndi kukula kwa mbalame mulomo. Iwo zimasiyana kwambiri, ndipo timatha mtundu uliwonse zatenga awo osiyana zachilengedwe kagawo kakang'ono. Komanso, pali kusiyana mu mtundu wa nthenga (wakuda ndi mitundu bulauni kufunga) ndi vocalizations. Zochitika mbalame, wasayansi adafotokoza kuti poyamba chisumbucho chinali mtundu umodzi wokha wa mbalame. Pang'onopang'ono inafikira chilumbachi, kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zosiyana malo. Komabe, wokonzeka ndi moyo mu mavuto onse si a mbalame za Darwin. Milomoyo - kuti anali muyeso waukulu wa kusankha zamoyo. Pomenyera mwayi kupulumuka izo zinali mu zamoyo zimene iwo wosakanikirana ndi m'deralo chakudya. Anthu ena analandira zosiyanasiyana mbewu, pamene ena - tizilombo. Izi zinachititsa akuwaza wa primordial mitundu (makolo) mu ena angapo, ndipo aliyense wa iwo imakhazikika mu maziko enieni chakudya.

Chifukwa cha kafukufuku ndiponso kutulukira pang'ono Galápagos finch kwafika mbiri zamoyo ndi zilumba chachinsinsi ndipo lakutali anakhala zasayansi pabwalo kuti ndi abwino kuona zotsatira za njira chisinthiko.

lingaliro lamakono

Ouziridwa chiphunzitso Charles Darwin ya mbalame kusanduka mwachangu anathandiza sayansi masiku ano chitsimikiziro ake. Osachepera akulankhula za sayansi iyi ku Princeton University Peter Grant ndi anzake.

kwao, anatsimikizira kuti chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Galápagos mbalamezo ali m'munsi chakudya ndi kulimbana pakati pa anthu osiyana. Ntchito yawo, iwo amanena kuti m'kanthawi nthawi ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya mbalame kusintha ngati zachitika. finch mulomo kukula wasintha chifukwa chakuti mpikisano chilumba phindu, ndi chakudya zochepa. Panapita zaka 22 chifukwa kuti zamoyo zinachita njira pafupifupi mphindi. Mu finch mulomo yafupika kukula, ndipo anatha kuti mupewe mpikisano ndi kupita ku chakudya osiyana.

Zotsatira za zaka zoposa 33 ntchito afalitsidwa magazini Science. Amatsimikizira udindo wa mpikisano mu ndondomeko ya mapangidwe zamoyo zina.

Imabala pachilumba ambiri mbalame, ndi onse a iwo ali kuderako, koma ambiri mitundu itatu chachikulu cha gulu lapansi chikusuntha. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Large nkhadze finch

A songbird yaing'ono (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) amakhala zilumba anayi chilumbachi, ndipo mukhoza ndikulingalira kwa mutu, moyo wake umakhudza nkhadze lapansi. Izi finch Galápagos ntchito iwo okha monga pogona komanso chakudya (zipatso ndi maluwa). Mlomo oblong mawonekedwe, wamphamvu, ndi bwino yoti kupeza tizilombo ndi mbewu. Black, ndi mawanga imvi akazi.

Sing'anga pansi finch

Umenewu ndi mtundu wa mbalame akuimba, anatulukira ndi Charles Darwin ku zilumba za Galápagos. Kapangidwe ka mlomo ndi wamphamvu, wamphamvu woyenera kuwonekera mbewu zing'onozing'ono kukula. Maziko a zakudya monga tizilombo (makamaka, izo atolele majeremusi pa khungu conolophus ndipo akamba), ndi zipatso. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa posachedwapa, ndi mtundu uwu atha kutumikira ngati chitsanzo chabwino cha oyambirira sympatric speciation. Pali anthu awiri (morphs) omwe dongosolo yosiyaniranapo ka mlomo wa. Komabe, zimenezi zinachititsa kusiyana mu oimba. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu a anthu onse m'dera lomwelo, koma makamaka yekha anawoloka mkati morphs.

Sharpbeak pansi finch

Amazing Galápagos finch bwino chifukwa mmodzi wa subspecies ndi - septentrionalis. zakudya zake Amakhala makamaka wa magazi a nyama zina zamoyo pachilumbachi, makamaka gannets. Lakuthwa zitani mulomo basi iwo kutsina pa khungu bola wayamba kutuluka magazi. Choncho njira zachilendo iwo zoperewerazo kufunika thupi madzi, umene amapereka zilumba ndi yaing'ono kwambiri. Mwina, khalidwe ali kusanduka chifukwa cha tizilombo chakudya, womwe mbalame zimaswa nyama zina.

Ife timakhala ngati kuonera dimorphism kugonana: amuna ali makamaka wakuda nthenga, ndi akazi - imvi ndi zofiirira mawanga.

camarhynchus

The mtundu tichipeza mitundu isanu ndi umodzi, onse a iwo ali kuderako ndipo imapezeka ku zilumba za Galápagos. The zinyama ndi zomera za malo osatetezeka kwambiri ndi mosavuta anawonongedwa pamene kanthu iwo. Chikule mobisika ndi dziko la chilumba osowa chitetezo ndi kusamala. Makamaka, mitengo mtengo finch panopa kuopsezedwa kutha. Small imvi mbalame ndi azitona chifuwa moyo pa chilumba chimodzi chabe - Isabela, kukula anthu pafupifupi 140 anthu.

Chidwi ndi momwe Galápagos finch Adyetsa. Iye wakonda lalikulu tizilombo mphutsi, amene tulukani pansi makungwa a mtengo ndi zina zovuta, choncho amagwiritsa ntchito zida wapadera (timitengo, timitengo, udzu), amene amagwiritsa digs mkati. Mofananamo akubwera mbalame ina ya mtundu uwu - ndi woodpecker finch (onani chithunzi), amene angafune kugwiritsa ntchito kuphatikizapo spines wa nkhadze a.