Ntchito ya mneni funso. Part wa kulankhula chinenero cha Chirasha - tanthauzo mneni ndi ntchito

Ntchito ya mneni funso lofunika kwambiri, zolankhula zathu Sindingachite popanda izo. Manauni kupereka nkhani, maganizo ndi zochitika maina, adjectives kufotokoza katundu wawo. Ndipo kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ngati madzi kuchiritsa kupuma moyo mawu a anthu owazungulira, kuwamanga iwo mu wathunthu, maganizo zonse kunachitika, kudzaza ndi kuyenda ndi ntchito. Iwo anapereka maganizo maganizo, kusonyeza njira zikuchitika osati mu mawonekedwe mazira, koma chitukuko, kuthandiza kuti timvetsetsetse chikhalidwe cha ubale pakati pa zinthu kukhala.

Mbiri ya mawu akuti "Mawu akuti"

The makolo akuti "Mawu akuti" adakalamba m'Chisilavo mawu akuti "Mawu akuti" - mawu, mawu; "Mawu" - khalidwe kulankhula verbosity, mphekesera; "Glagolivy" - besedlivy kulankhulalankhula. zilembo Chigilagoliti ankatchedwa Asilavo wakale. Ngakhale mu nthawi ya Pushkin mawu akuti "Mawu akuti" kwenikweni likumasuliridwa kuti "kulankhula", "Mau" umboni ndi kuitana wotchuka ndakatulo ndi "kuwotcha mitima ya mneni." Pang'onopang'ono, phindu ali ndi zaka mwa ntchito, ndipo tsopano mawu akuti "Mawu akuti" limatanthauza gawo la mawu.

Kodi mneni zolankhula zathu

Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ndi mawu osonyeza chikhalidwe cha chinthu kapena kanthu, ndipo amayankha funso "zoyenera kuchita?" "Kodi ndichite chiyani?" (Kudya, kupita). Mothandizidwa ndi kasewenzetsedwe ka mau wokamba lingapereke osati ndondomeko kapena chikhalidwe, koma zizindikiro (chikasu masamba), mtima (ngati makolo awo), kuchuluka kwa (ndalama katatu), nthawi (kusiya mawa).

Ndi olemera matanthauzo ndi mitundu mbali ya kulankhula chinenero cha Chirasha. prefixes mneni ndi suffixes ndipamene banja lonse mawu amene amatha mochenjera kusonyeza zamalankhulidwe ndi maganizo mokoma zenizeni, izo zikhoza m'mawu kuthawa: kuthawa - kuthamanga - kuthawa - obbezhat - anathawa - kuthamanga - anabwera akuthamanga - anathamanga - adam'thamangira.

tanthauzo kalembedwe

Kalembedwe udindo wa mneni funso ndi kuonetsa mphamvu khalidwe la zochitika, zinthu, zamoyo, kungasonyeze:

• boma la chinthu (bodza, ndi zambiri);

• kanthu thupi (kuthawa kugunda, nyundo);

• njira ndi chinthu (wamng'ono, kukula, plump);

• kayendedwe (kumayenda, kusambira, kuwuluka);

• Ubale (ulemu, udani, nsanje);

• mtima (kaso, amantha, achisoni);

• boma la chilengedwe (ozizira, mdima).

The kalembedwe mtundu wa mneni amene:

1. infinitive (kusiya kupuma).

2. mawonekedwe Personal (ndinavina - inu kuvina - ife kuvina - iwo amavina).

3. The generic mawonekedwe (idagwa - idagwa - izo wagwa - iwo anagwa).

4. Mgonero (anayambitsa m'chikondi).

5. gerund (poganiza poyambira).

6. chabe njira mawonekedwe kutanthauza zimachitika popanda chinthu yogwira (sparkled, yophika, m'bandakucha).

mbali Morphological wa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau zolankhula

Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ndi ochepa okhazikika ndipo sanali zonse makhalidwe morphological.

Kuti monga nthawi zonse.

1. mneni mtundu - amasonyeza zomwenso kanthu kusunthira ndi kulemekeza chokwanira kapena incompleteness:

• kasewenzetsedwe ka mau, kuti funsolo "chochita", wotchedwa imperfective kasewenzetsedwe ka mau akunena akadali mu ndondomeko ya (analemba kalata, akamaphika chakudya);
• kasewenzetsedwe ka mau, kuti funsolo "zoyenera kuchita?", wotchedwa perfective kasewenzetsedwe ka mau, amafotokoza njira zatsirizidwa kale (analemba kalata, kuphika chakudya).

2. transitive mneni amadziwa ngati zotsatira pa chinthu limayenda kapena ayi:

• kasewenzetsedwe ka mau transitive kufotokoza zochita zimene zimakhudzana ndi chinthu (mayi wakudya mwana wake, ndinawerenga bukhu);
• kasewenzetsedwe ka mau intransitive amatchula njira zimene si anasamutsidwa ku chinthu china (kutembenukira masamba wofiira mapulo, mbalame nkukwera).

3. zisadzachitikenso limasonyeza lathu ndondomeko yokha kapena chinthu china:

• kasewenzetsedwe ka mau reflexive kufotokoza kanthu analamulira, anabwerera okha, iwo ali omangidwa ntchito suffix "-s" ndi "Xia" (Lena umatsuka, Ine greyus);
• Kumizidwa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau limafotokoza njira umalimbana phunziro osiyana (Lena amatsuka mutu wake, Ine Gray kanjedza).

4. Conjugation wa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mu kulemba nthawi chiwerengero ndi mtundu:

• Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau oyamba conjugation ndi kutsekedwa kupatula "-it" (earing ndikufuna kung'anima).
• Chachiwiri conjugation kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ndi kothera "-it" (kwa mtengo, kupindika wamtendere).

Zomwe si okhazikika monga zotsatirazi.

1. Gender:

• amuna (ankaimba, kusewera);
• Women (ataima, ubwenzi);
• Wapakatikati (kunja yophika).

2. Munthu amene:

• woyamba (ine ndikuziyankhula, inu mukuchikamba);
• Waciwiri (ife tikudziwa, inu mukudziwa);
• chachitatu (chinawathandiza, kunandithandiza, iwo anathandiza).

3. Nthawi:

• pano (kufunafuna kuyitana kudzachitika);
• kale (Ndikuyang'ana, kutenga, chofunika);
• Tsogolo (Ndimapeza kutenga zimafunika).

4. Number:

• wapadera (pang'ono, alumidwa);
• mochulukitsa (alumidwa alumidwa).

5. Wofuna:

• zimasonyeza (Ndili ndi nthawi, ndi kunja);
• Motelo (chofunika uspey, kupita);
• makonzedwe (nalo kuti apita).

tanthauzo syntactic

Mneni ukutchulidwa kwambiri mu malembedwe Russian. Choyamba, ndi mkhalidwe umene pa molumikizana ndi nkhani anafotokoza zosiyanasiyana zochita ndi madera a zinthu. Koma udindo syntactic wa mneni funso okulira kwambiri, ikhoza kukhala:

• mkhalidwe (I (anachita) adapanga birdhouse?);

• womuyenerera (Ndimakonda kwambiri (kuti) Master birdhouses?);

• zochitika (ndinapita kwa mzanga (bwanji) Master birdhouses?):

• kosagwirizana tanthauzo (Ndimakonda chizolowezi wina - (a) Master birdhouses?);

• nkhani kuti: ((kuti) Master birdhouses - chizolowezi wanga).

stylistics

Mneni anamaliza wautali kwambiri mwayi stylistic. Ntchito kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mu kulankhula m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zoopseza, iwo akhoza kupanga lingaliro bwino kwambiri kapena wolankhulalankhula, wozizira kapena wotentha, wodekha kapena mofulumira. Iwo asapasana kulankhula bwinobwino ndi zokongola kulankhula njira zovuta, chikhalidwe cha anthu, maganizo awo ndiponso zofuna zawo.

1. Business kalembedwe. mapepala Official yodziwika ndi amphamvu, owuma succinct kalembedwe. Bwerani zidindo choyamba, ofotokoza nauni mtundu wa kulankhula. Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau nthawi zambiri kuimirira manauni wolemera mawu. mapepala bizinesi ndithu kasewenzetsedwe ka mau angapo, pafupifupi zidutswa 60 pa mawu 1000, ntchito ya sayansi, chithunzi ndi 90 mau, koma mu journalistic ndi luso masitaelo - 150 kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ndi zambiri.

2. kalembedwe Scientific ladzala ndi mfundo umboni, matanthauzo enieni, amakhala ndi kudziletsa ndi kugwirizana. Cholinga cha ntchito sayansi - kufotokoza ndi kuwulula dongosolo ndipo zosiyanasiyana zochitika, kotero kusankha kasewenzetsedwe ka mau tacitly motsatira asayansi mokomera mawu ndi umboni, manenedwe umboni: kukhala, kukhala, kukhala.

3. Journalistic kalembedwe ndi osiyanasiyana: chimaperekedwa ndi tabloids ndi mabuku akuluakulu mawunikidwe ndi nkhani m'magazini thematic. Utolankhani achilendo chochitika, njira Nkhani ya ulaliki. Stylistic coloration ndi chiwerengero cha kasewenzetsedwe ka mau zimatengera mtundu wa buku. Choncho, lemba apadera kwambiri flecked zovuta nauni-mfundo chiwerengero cha kasewenzetsedwe ka mau akhoza sanamvere. Ndipo m'nkhani za moyo wa nyenyezi TV, kasewenzetsedwe ka mau aonekere.

4. Kukamba kalembedwe ndi sangaganize chiwerengero cha gradations ndi halftones, zili wake maganizo ndi zamalankhulidwe zimadalira zinthu, kuti makhalidwe. Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau colloquially kuthandiza zovala, zokhumba ndi boma mawu, kubweretsa kwa ena.

5. kalembedwe luso kwathunthu kwambiri limasonyeza udindo wa mneni mu funso ndi umatha. M'manja mwa olamulira a mawu verebu lidzasinthidwa chida zamatsenga zimene kwenikweni ndi concretely kufotokoza zinthu zovuta kwambiri. Mu kasewenzetsedwe ka mau zopeka nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'njira wophiphiritsa, kuwonjezera, olemba zonse zazikulu mochenjera ntchito wolemera n'chimodzimodzi kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mosamala kufunafuna mawu abwino, mwangwiro limafotokoza zinthu kapena khalidwe.

The ambiguity wa mneni

Tanthauzo ndi ntchito kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mu mawu a ena bwino mumadabwa kuti ngakhale kuchigwiritsa a Russian, kunena kanthu za alendo amene nthawi zina amalephera kuchita lingaliro la akufunazo yoonekeratu. nkhani zonse mu ambiguity wa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "kuswa" zisanu dictionary matanthauzo, mawu akuti "akuimirira" - naini, ndi lamulo "" - khumi. Language nthawi zonse ikusintha, wambirimbiri mawu bwino ndi matanthauzo. Kuyambira tanthauzo la liwulo pali sekondale ndipo molimba kulowa, kupanga izo zokongola ndi zosangalatsa.

Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kudula nthambi, koma mungathe - mwamuna; kugwera mu chithaphwi kapena maso a ena; kuomba mmanja kapena khomo; kusonkhanitsa umboni kapena kukolola; akugugudaguguda kapena ingasonyeze; atagwira apulo, ndi mayeso kapena mawu; tsikani sitima kapena malingaliro; kupita kumwamba kapena ndalama; ndi mwana kapena malingaliro; Nthawi zina akuthamanga galu, ndipo nthawizina - mkaka kapena nthawi.

synonymy

ofananira mneni ndi phindu chomwecho, koma osiyana maganizo ndi stylistic ochekenera. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "kugwa" kalembedwe ndale, mawu akuti "shmyaknut" kapena "Kuwonongeka" amatanthauza kalembedwe chitachitika (wamba) "chiwonongeko" kapena "ndithu" - yapamwamba, kalembedwe luso.

Mau ofanana amasonyeza Kodi mneni pa zolankhula zathu. Kusankha options zimadalira moyenera zinthu ndi zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa mawu cholakwika analankhula osati kupotoza maganizo ndi yovuta kumvetsa, koma umachititsanso munthu mu malo kupusa. Street slang chotheka mu pepala wa sayansi ovuta mawu a tsiku ndi tsiku kukambirana womangika, mawu sayansi superfluous m'kuunika zopeka.