Njira kufala

nambala yaikulu tizilombo amakhala ku dziko, maso a anthu. Ena a iwo angabweretse choopsa chilichonse, pamene ena angathe kuyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. ndi njira zopezera kufala kwa matenda Kodi pali - funso lofunika kuliganizira.

Infection: limagwirira ndipo akafuna HIV. mawu decryption

Mu sayansi, EPIDEMIOLOGY, anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "matendawa". Mawu amenewa amatanthauza ngozi yotenga matenda kuchokera ku zomera, nyama kapena thupi la munthu ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Zikuphatikizapo mogwirizana, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zina zotero. E. Matenda zimafalitsidwa malinga ndi njira zina. Mu njira imeneyi kuphatikiza njira yeniyeni kusuntha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuchokera ku gwero kwa atengeke chamoyo.

Akatswiri kudziwa anayi kufala limagwirira :

• fecal-m'kamwa;
• aerosol-aerogenic;
• transmissible;
• bloodborne.

Aliyense limagwirira akuyendera m'njira zosiyanasiyana (njira). Mawu amenewa amanena za zinthu zimene kuonetsetsa malowedwe a nthenda mu chamoyo atengeke zinthu zina.

kufala njira khalidwe la fecal-m'kamwa limagwirira

Matenda yeniyeni limagwirira izi HIV, wotchedwa matumbo. The causative wothandizila la mwini amakhala ku dongosolo m'mimba. The tizilombo zachilengedwe pamodzi nawo ndowe. The watsopano chamoyo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kulowa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Nazi njira popereka matenda m'mimba:

• madzi (zakhudzana madzi pamene ntchito);
• chakudya (mazira, nyama, nsomba, mkaka, masamba zoipa, zipatso ndi zipatso);
• kukhudzana-banja (kudzera zosiyanasiyana katundu wa m'nyumba).

Mu madzi, zamoyo ndi chifukwa kukumenya mwachindunji mu ndowe ake kapena nthaka zakhudzana. Pamene chakudya ndi kukhudzana-banja kufala maulendo chakudya ndi banja zinthu nthawi zambiri kachilombo pambuyo wodwala kutumikira gwero la matenda, zimakhudza iwo. Yofunika kwambiri kufala kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kusewera ntchentche. tizilombo toyambitsa matenda adzuke ndi tizilombo ndi ndowe.

CHITSANZO matenda ndi fecal-m'kamwa limagwirira kufala

Munthu wodziwika matenda - kamwazi. matenda, amene amakhala ndi zotupa syndromes m'mimba ndipo ambiri opatsirana kuledzera. Matendawa amapezeka chifukwa kamwazi ndodo a mtundu Shigella. Njira za HIV - madzi, chakudya ndi kukhudzana-banja.

Panopa, kamwazi matenda milandu lakutali. Infection kumachitika:

• chifukwa ntchito madzi m'mitsinje, m'zitsime, mizati ili ukhondo osagwira ndi zinthu luso;
• ntchito chakudya insufficiently kukonzedwa (zauve, yosakongola).

N'zothekanso mliri - matenda gulu. miliri madzi amayamba ndi matenda a decentralized ndi centralized madzi. kubuka Contact-banja amayambira ku sukulu chifukwa kuphwanya odana ndi mliri boma (mwachitsanzo, chifukwa miyeso bwino anachita disinfection).

kufala njira pamene aerosol-aerogenic limagwirira

limagwirira Izi kutengerapo ali maina angapo. Mu mabuku apadera pali zinthu monga kukhumba, kutsitsi, kukapanda kuleka. Atalipenda iwo, ife tikhoza kuwona kuti aerosol-inhalatory kufala limagwirira yodziwika ndi kutanthauzira kwa tizilomboto ziwalo kupuma.

Tizilombo akhoza opatsirana mu kutsatira njira (njira):

1. Airborne. Nthumwi causative adzamasulidwa pa kutsokomola, sneezing, akulankhula. M'malovu a ntchofu kachilombo mu chilengedwe, komanso ndi mpweya tikalowa m'thupi athanzi.
2. Ndi inhalation fumbi. Njira imeneyi kufala munthu wathanzi kachilombo pambuyo ingestion wa particles airborne fumbi munali matenda.

Zitsanzo za matenda ndi aerosol-kufala limagwirira inhalatory

Fuluwenza ndi matenda a chikhalidwe tizilombo. The akafuna kufala - airborne. Pamene matendawa amakhudza thirakiti chapamwamba kupuma. Pamene HIV akulowa organizmzdorovogo anthu, zizindikiro monga kutopa, kupweteka kwa mutu, minofu molumikizana mafupa. Thupi kutentha limatuluka. Patapita nthawi, odwala adandaula cha kuchulukana kwa m'mphuno, zilonda zapakhosi, youma chifuwa.

Airborne fumbi kutengerapo njira ndi achilendo chofiira malungo - A matenda streptococcal, punctate yodziwika ndi zidzolo, zilonda zapakhosi ndi zizindikiro za kuledzera. Pa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ali excreted anthu wodwala sputum, mafinya. Ali kugonjetsedwa kwambiri zinthu zachilengedwe. Ikufotokoza kuthekera matenda kudzera mu mpweya ndi fumbi.

kufala njira pamene transmissible limagwirira

Ndi njira transmissible a HIV ndi mmene okhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu magazi gulu. Mu thupi wathanzi matenda wolowera arthropods (utitiri, nsabwe, udzudzu, nkhupakupa, ntchentche). Onyamula anawagawa yeniyeni ndi nonspecific. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo arthropods, amene kunyamula matenda ena. Mwachitsanzo, zamoyo zina yeniyeni ya malungo ndi udzudzu, Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi - nsabwe. Gulu lachiwiri zikuphatikizapo ntchentche onyamula matenda pachimake matumbo, typhoid, chiwindi A.

Transmissible limagwirira akhoza opatsirana:

• anthroponoses (posungira ndi gwero la matenda ndi munthu chabe);
• Zoonoses (posungira ndi gwero la matenda ndi nyama);
• anthropozoonosis (gwero la matenda zimakhala zinyama ndi anthu).

Zitsanzo za matenda transmissible kuti limagwirira kufala

Amodzi mwa matenda vekitala ofalitsidwa - malungo. Iwo anroponoznoe matenda chifukwa cha zamoyo za mtundu uli Plasmodium. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zimafalitsidwa kwa odwala anthu athanzi udzudzu a mtundu Anopheles. Mwini chatsopano opatsirana kokha pamene magazi kuoneka mitundu kugonana tizilomboto wa - gametocytes. Mwachitsanzo, mu malungo otentha kumachitika za sabata pambuyo chiyambi cha parasitaemia ndipo akupitiriza mu chaka.

Chitsanzo china cha matenda transmissible limagwirira a HIV - mliri. The causative wothandizila ndi Yersinia pestis (atathana bakiteriya zooneka timitengo). Gwero la matenda mu chikhalidwe ndi makoswe, ndi chotengera - nthata. tizilombo izi magazi woyamwa mutadya zakhudzana ndi magazi mu dongosolo m'mimba amayamba kuchulukana mliri tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kudziunjikira ndi kudzaza lumen wa chubu m'mimba. Mu kulumidwa wotsatira wa nyama kapena anthu utitiri masanzi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kupereka Choncho kuipitsidwa.

transduction njira chibadidwe bloodborne limagwirira

Bloodborne kufala limagwirira ndi khalidwe la matenda ambiri: bakiteriya, mafangasi tizilombo protozoan, parasitic. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kulowa thupi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha ichi, pali njira zotsatirazi a HIV:

• ofukula;
• parenteral;
• kupatsidwa zina;
• kugonana.

Ofukula akafuna kufala chifukwa malowedwe a tizilomboto mu thupi la mwana wosabadwayo kwa thupi la mkazi wapakati kudzera latuluka lapansi. Pakuti njira parenteral amakhala ndi wozengereza chamankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani zina, anthu kachilombo mu ofesi mano, pamene dokotala akugwiritsa ntchito zida sanali wosabala. Kumuika njira kufala akuyendera pamene Thirani ziwalo. njira Last matenda chibadidwe kudzera mwa kugonana.

Komanso, n'zotheka kuonetsetsa kufala njira kukhudzana. Pamene matenda kumachitika mwa mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kuyambitsa gwero padziko khungu ndi nembanemba mucous (mwachitsanzo, mphere)

matenda CHITSANZO ndi limagwirira bloodborne kufala

Current zachipatala ndi chikhalidwe vuto ndi anthu ambiri sakudziwa kapena kunyalanyaza njira za kufala kwa matenda opatsirana, si kutetezedwa nthawi limasonyeza mwachisawawa. N'chifukwa chake STD kawirikawiri kwambiri anapezeka ndi madokotala.

Chitsanzo cha matenda ndi limagwirira bloodborne HIV ndi HIV. Pamene matendawa amakhudza chitetezo cha m'thupi. Pang'onopang'ono imaphwanya mpaka mapangidwe AIDS (anapeza immunodeficiency syndrome). Tizilomboto - HIV wa banja retrovirus. Gwero la matenda amachita munthu wodwala.

kufala njira kugonana ndi ofukula ndizo zikuluzikulu (achilengedwe) mu matenda. yokumba njira (parenteral ndi kumuika) amadziwikanso kuti akuyendera mwachangu. Pamene HIV alowa M'menemo kudzera wosweka khungu kapena nembanemba mucous ndi njira achire ndi matenda makonzedwe mankhwala zizindikiro ntchito zinthu nonsterile.

matenda nosocomial

Chapadera ndi kuchipatala anapeza matenda (HAI). Izi ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri. Pamene amapha matenda nosocomial pa chikuonetseratu kuchipatala kapena kufuna chithandizo. matenda Nosocomial kuwononga ndithu thanzi. Komanso, kuwonjezera nthawi ya mankhwala ndi kukhala mu chikhazikitso zachipatala, zosokonezeka chifukwa, ndipo ngakhale kuyambitsa imfa.

Njira kufala pamalowo osiyanasiyana mankhwala. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kulowa mthupi la anthu ngati chilengedwe (faecal-m'kamwa, aerosol ndi inhalatory) kapena yokumba (pa olanda njira achire ndi matenda) amatanthauza. matenda Nosocomial zimachitika osati chifukwa si mwambo wa ukhondo-ukhondo ndi odana ndi mliri boma, komanso chifukwa cha zikamera tizilombo kusamva mankhwala chemotherapeutic, mankhwala ndi zinthu chokhwima zachilengedwe.

Pomaliza, ndi Dziwani kuti pa matenda achilendo njira zina (njira) za kufala kwa matenda. Kudziwa mmene matenda zikachitika, n'zotheka kuteteza zosayembekezereka pa matenda ena (mwachitsanzo, musagwiritsire ntchito mankhwala zauve, kupewa zachiwerewere kukhala moyo wathanzi ndi kusiya mankhwala).