Ndi Alpha kuwola ndi beta kuwola chiyani? Beta-kuwola, Alpha kuwola: ndi zimene chilinganizo

Alpha ndi cheza beta ambiri otchedwa nyukiliya kuwonongeka. ndondomeko ichi, chimene panamveka ku phata la particles subatomic, wochokera ku liwilo. Chifukwa, atomu kapena isotope akhoza kusandulika kwa wina mchitidwe mankhwala ndi mzake. Alpha ndi beta kuvunda kwa mtima ndi khalidwe la zinthu osakhazikika. Zikuphatikizapo onse maatomu ndi mlandu chiwerengero choposa 83 ndi misa chiwerengero choposa 209.

chikhalidwe anachita limapezeka

Kuwola, ngati masinthidwe ena nyukiliya, ndi chibadwa ndi yokumba. Otsiriza chifukwa kufika pachimake pa particles dziko lililonse. Kodi Alefa ndi beta kuwola angathe kukumana ndi atomu - zimatengera yekha mmene posachedwapa anafika khazikika.

Mulimonse mmene zachilengedwe amapezeka Alefa ndi beta-opanda kuwonongeka.

Mu m'galasi pano nyutironi, positron, purotoni ndi mitundu yosowa kwambiri ena limawola n'kusanduka masinthidwe nyukiliya.

maina Izi Ernest Rutherford, amene anaphunzira cheza.

Kusiyana pakati pa khola ndi wosakhazikika phata

The luso kuwonongeka zimadalira chikhalidwe cha maatomu. Otchedwa "khola" kapena osakhala nyukiliya pachimake khalidwe Nonseparated maatomu. Akuti ananena zinthu izi zingachititse kuti osawerengeka, potsiriza kuonetsetsa bata awo. Ndi chofunika kupatukana ngati mtima wosakhazikika amene ndi wautali kwambiri theka moyo.

Mosazindikira, ndi "wolekerera" atomu angathe kumwedwa wosasunthika. Komabe kukwapula Mwachitsanzo kungakhale tellurium, makamaka kwambiri, isotope ake numeral 128, kukhala ndi theka moyo wa 2.2 × 10 ^24. Pankhaniyi silili. Lanthanum-138 umamumvera theka-moyo, umene ndi mawu a zaka 10 ^11. Mawu amenewa nthawi makumi atatu wamkulu kuposa zaka panopa wa chilengedwe chonse.

Mfundo yaikulu ya kuvunda nyukiliya

Zimenezi zikachitika mwachisawawa. Aliyense kuvunda radionuclide akupeza liwiro, amene ali mosalekeza lililonse. Mlingo kuwola sizingasinthidwe mchikakamizo cha zinthu zina. Ziribe kanthu zimene zidzachitika mchikakamizo cha yaikulu yokoka mphamvu, pa mtheradi ziro, m'munda magetsi ndi maginito, pa mankhwala anachita ndi zina zotero. Mphamvu ndondomeko zitha kukhala wokondwa mwachindunji mkati mwa phata atomiki, amene ali sizingatheke. Mowiriza anachita ndi zimatengera yekha pa atomu, imene atuluka, ndi uliri mkati.

Mawu akuti "radionuclide" Sizachilendo potchula kuwonongeka nyukiliya. Anthu amene sali bwino, muyenera kudziwa kuti mawu gulu la atomu, amene katundu nyukiliya kuti eni misa chiwerengero, chiwerengero atomiki ndi udindo mphamvu.

radionuclides osiyana ntchito luso, sayansi ndi zina zimangokhala za zochita za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala deta zinthu ntchito matenda a matenda, mankhwala mankhwala, zipangizo ndiponso zinthu zina. Pali angapo a achire ndi prognostic Radiopreparat.

No zofunika zochepa ndi kuona isotope lapansi. Mawu amenewa amatchedwa wapadera wa maatomu. Ali yemweyo atomiki chiwerengero zimabweretsa ochiritsira, koma ena kuposa misa chiwerengero. Ndi chifukwa cha kusiyana kuchuluka neutrons zomwe sizidzipezera bwanji mlandu monga mapulotoni ma elekitironi, koma kusintha kulemera. Mwachitsanzo, haidrojeni yosavuta ali wawo wonse 3. Ichi ndi chinthu okha amene isotopes maina apatsidwa: ndi deuterium-tritium (yekha nyukiliya) ndi con. Nthawi zina mayina zili zogwirizana ndi miyeso ya atomiki ndi mbali yaikulu.

Alpha kuwola

Mtundu wa zochita nyukiliya. Khalidwe la zinthu zachilengedwe wa chisanu ndi chiwiri nthawi tebulo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala. Makamaka kwa zinthu yokumba kapena transuranic.

Zigawo kuti akhoza kukhala Alpha kuwola

Pakati zitsulo zimene zimawonongeka khalidwe monga thorium, ureniamu ndi zinthu zina za nthawi chimodzi ndi chiwiri ku gome nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala, kuwerenga kuchokera bismuth. Komanso pansi ndondomeko isotopes wa zinthu zolemera.

Kodi chimachitika pa zimene?

Pamene Alpha kuwola akuyamba umuna ndi tinthu pachimake, wopangidwa mwa mapulotoni awiri ndi neutrons awiri. Obweretsa adzamasulidwa tinthu phata la helium atomu, ndi mayunitsi misa 4 ndi 2 mlandu.

Chifukwa, pali chinthu chatsopano, limene lili kumanzere kwa awiri maselo kuyambira mu tebulo nthawi. Dongosolo limeneli akufotokozera kuti kuyambira 2 mapulotoni atomu anatayika ndi izo - mlandu koyamba. Chifukwa, misa chifukwa isotope 4 misa mayunitsi yafupika poyerekeza ndi boma pachiyambi.

zitsanzo

Pa izi kwa oipa a ureniamu, thorium anapanga. Thorium, Analandira limapezeka, kuchokera izo - radon, kenako amapereka polonium, ndipo pamapeto - patsogolo. Mu ndondomekoyi pali isotopes wa zinthu izi, ndipo iwo okha. Choncho analandira ureniamu-238, thorium-234, Analandira 230, Radon-236 kuno maonekedwe a chinthu khola. Dongosolo la anachita izi motere:

Th-234 -> Ra 230 -> RN-226 -> Po-222 -> PB-218

Liwiro akutali Alpha tinthu umuna nthawi kuchokera pa 12 ndi 20 zikwi. Km / gawo. Ngakhale pansi zingalowe, chotero tinthu akanati mwazunguliza lonse masekondi 2, kuyendera dziko.

beta kuwola

Kusiyana tinthu uyu wa elekitironi wa - malo a zosayembekezereka. Kugwa beta kumachitika mu phata la atomu osati elekitironi mtambo ozungulira izo. Ambiri a masinthidwe onse alipo nyukiliya. Iwo zingaoneke mu zinthu pafupifupi onse panopa alipo mankhwala. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti zinthu zonse ali mmodzi sachedwa kuwonongeka kwa isotope lapansi. Nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha beta kuwola pali beta opanda kuwonongeka.

zimene

Pamene ndondomeko ya elekitironi ejection amapezeka maso akuwuka chifukwa kutembenuka mowiriza wa nyutironi ndi mu elekitironi ndi pulotoni. Choncho mapulotoni chifukwa misa kwambiri kukhala phata ndi elekitironi, wotchedwa beta-opanda tinthu, kusiya atomu. Ndipo chifukwa mapulotoni ndi chawonjezeka ndi chimodzi, phata la amafotokozera kusintha mu njira zazikulu ndi lamanja la loyambirira tebulo nthawi.

zitsanzo

Kugwa beta ndi potaziyamu-40 otembenuka mu kashiamu isotope, limene lili kumanja. Nyukiliya kashiamu-scandium 47 wobwezera 47, amene angathe kuwasandutsa khola titaniyamu 47. Ikukhala ngati kuwola beta? chilinganizo:

Ca 47 -> SC 47 -> Ti 47

mlingo umuna wa beta-tinthu mtengowo uli nthawi 0,9 mlingo 270 zikwi. km / gawo.

Mu chikhalidwe, nuclides beta-emitting ndi ochuluka kwambiri. Chapadera cha iwo ndi yaing'ono. Chitsanzo ndi potaziyamu-40, amene osakaniza zachilengedwe lili 119/10000 yekha. Komanso, zachilengedwe beta-opanda-yogwira radionuclides ku chiwerengero cha mankhwala kwambiri ndi Alpha ndi beta kuvunda kwa ureniamu ndi thorium.

Azingokhala beta ndi Chitsanzo: ndi thorium-234, ndilo Alpha kuwola ndi n'kukhala protactinium-234, kenako momwemo amakhala ureniamu, koma isotope inayo pansi nambala 234. Izi ureniamu-234 kachiwiri chifukwa Alpha kuwola amakhala thorium koma ali wosinthika. Ndiye, amakhala thorium 230 Analandira-226, amene n'kukhala radon. Ndipo mu ndondomeko yomweyo, mpaka thallium, koma ndi kusintha osiyana beta kumbuyo. Itha izi nyukiliya beta kuvunda kwa zikamera wa khola kutsogolera-206. Kusinthika ali chilinganizo zotsatirazi:

Th-234 -> Pa-234 -> U-234 -> Th 230 -> Ra-226 -> RN-222 -> Pa-218 -> Po-214 -> zina kuti adzipeza 210 -> PB-206

Natural ndi chidwi beta-yogwira radionuclides ndi K-40 ndi zinthu za thallium kuti ureniamu.

Kugwa kwa beta-kuphatikiza

Palinso beta-kuphatikiza kusintha. Limatchedwanso positron beta kuwonongeka. Iwo panamveka kuchokera pakati tinthu wotchedwa positron. Chifukwa ndi kusintha kwa zinthu poyambira ataima kumanzere lomwe lili ndi chiwerengero ang'onoang'ono.

Mwachitsanzo

Pamene amagetsi beta kuwola, magnesium, sodium wochuluka 23 amakhala isotope khola. Nyukiliya europium-samarium-150 amakhala 150.

Chifukwa anachita beta kuwola angalenge + beta ndi umuna beta. Mlingo wa umuna tinthu milandu onse wofanana nthawi 0,9 kuwala kumayendera.

Other limawola n'kusanduka nyukiliya

Kupatula zosiyanasiyana monga kuwonongeka ndi alpha-beta-kuwola, chilinganizo chimene odziwika bwino, pali zina, kupatula wamba ndi mmene chifukwa njira radionuclides yokumba.

Nyutironi kuwonongeka. The umuna wa particles ndale ndi 1 misa unit. Pa isotope wake wina n'kukhala wina ndi apansi chiwerengero misa. Chitsanzo adzakhala kutembenuka 9-lifiyamu mu lifiyamu-8-5 helium mu helium-4.

Pa walitsa wa Popanga madzi a gamma-ray ayodini-127 isotope ndi isotope khola limakhala numeral 126 ndipo amapeza mpweya wa poizoni.

Purotoni kuwonongeka. yosowa kwambiri. Ngakhale kumachitika purotoni umuna ndi mlandu wa 1, ndi 1 unit wa misa. Atomiki kulemera amakhala ocheperapo kuti mtengo umodzi.

Aliyense kusintha nyukiliya, makamaka nyukiliya kuwola, limodzi ndi kutuluka kwa mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira. Njirayi imatchedwa Popanga madzi a gamma-ray. Nthawi zina, pali X-ray cheza kukhala mphamvu m'munsi.

Popanga madzi a gamma kuwonongeka. Akuimira Popanga madzi a gamma-ray kamwazi. cheza mu atomu chokhwima kuposa X-ray kuti ntchito mankhwala. Chifukwa ndi Popanga madzi a gamma cheza kapena fluxes mphamvu phata atomiki. X-ray alinso solenoid, koma auka kwa zipolopolo za elekitironi wa maatomu.

particles mtunda Alpha

Alpha particles misa mayunitsi atomiki 4 ndi 2 mlandu kusuntha rectilinearly. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, tikhoza kulankhula za mtunda wa particles Alpha.

Mtengo zimadalira njira koyamba ndi mphamvu ranges ku 3 ndi 7 (nthawi zina 13) masentimita mu mlengalenga. Sing'anga wandiweyani ndi ku zana limodzi la millimeter a. cheza amenewa sangalowerere pepala, ndi khungu anthu.

Chifukwa cha kulemera yake ndi kuyang'anira Alpha tinthu ali wamkulu ionizing mphamvu ndi kuwononga zonse mu njira zawo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, alpha-radionuclides ndi owopsa kwa anthu ndi nyama atadziŵa lake.

The ozama luso particles beta

Chifukwa ang'ono misa nambala yomwe ndi nthawi 1836 kakang'ono kuposa purotoni, ndipo kuyeza mlandu zoipa, cheza beta kwenikweni pa thunthu, amene ntchentche, koma Komanso yaitali ndege. Komanso tinthu njira si wowongoka. Pa nkhani imeneyi, imakamba za mphamvu yaikulu, potsata mphamvu analandira.

The ozama luso particles beta ku zikuchitika pa kuvunda nyukiliya mu mlengalenga ukufika 2.3 mamita mu zakumwa awerengedwa mu mainchesi ndi zolimba - mu tuzigawo twa ya centimeter a. minofu anthu cheza anadutsa masentimita 1.2 mu kuya. Kuti adziteteze ku cheza beta atha kutumikira ngati wosanjikiza yosavuta madzi 10 cm tinthu mtsinje pa mphamvu mokwanira mkulu wa kuvunda pa MeV 10 pafupifupi onse odzipereka zigawo kuti: mpweya - 4 m. zotayidwa - 2.2 masentimita; chitsulo - 7,55 mamilimita; kutsogolera - 5.2 mm.

Popeza kukula yaing'ono ya particles cheza beta kukhala otsika ionizing mphamvu poyerekeza ndi particles Alefa. Komabe, pamene ingested, iwo ndi zoopsa kwambiri kuposa padzuwa kunja.

Mwapamwamba malowedwe mitengo mwa mitundu yonse cheza panopa ali nyutironi ndi Popanga madzi a gamma. Thamangani radiations izi mu mlengalenga zina ukufika makumi kapena mazana mamita, koma ndi zochepa zizindikiro ionizing.

Ambiri Popanga madzi a gamma-ray mphamvu isotopes si upambana mtengo wa 1.3 MeV. Nthawi zina anafika mfundo za 6.7 MeV. Pa nkhani imeneyi, pofuna kudziteteza ku ntchito zigawo cheza ngati cha chitsulo, konkire ndi kuyambitsa attenuation chiŵerengero.

Mwachitsanzo, kumasula tenfold cheza cobalt Popanga madzi a gamma amafuna kutsogolera kutetezedwa makulidwe pafupifupi 5 masentimita, ndi attenuation 100 khola chofunika 9,5 masentimita Konkire Protection kukhala 33 ndi 55 cm, ndi madzi -. 70 115 cm.

Ionizing manambala nyutironi amadalira ntchito yawo mphamvu.

Nthawi iliyonse, njira yabwino kuteteza ndi cheza amakhala distancing pazipita kuchokera ku gwero ngati n'kotheka ndi kochepa chibwana m'dera mkulu cheza.

Kugawa ma atomu mtima

Ndi kugawa mtima wa ma atomu amatanthauza zokha kapena mutamwa neutrons magawano pakati pa magawo awiri pafupifupi wofanana kukula.

mbali ziwirizi ndi isotopes nyukiliya mbali kwa mbali yaikulu ku gome la zinthu mankhwala. Kuyambira zamkuwa lanthanoids.

Pa kulekana amaswa neutrons angapo owonjezera ndipo pali mphamvu owonjezera mu mawonekedwe a Popanga madzi a gamma cheza, umene uli kwambiri kuposa oipa nyukiliya. Choncho, pamene chochitika chimodzi kumachitika munthu nyukiliya kuwola Popanga madzi a gamma ray, ndi pa mchitidwe wa kugawaniza limapezeka 8,10 Popanga madzi a gamma quanta. Komanso zimauluka kupatula ndalama ndi wamkulu kayendedwe mphamvu kunditumiza ku ntchito matenthedwe.

The neutrons anamasulidwa angathe n'zothandiza kulekana kwa awiriawiri analogous a mitima ngati zili pafupi ndi neutrons m'menemo kugunda.

Pankhani imeneyi pali mosavuta nthambi, unyolo anachita mofulumira kulekana kwa mtima atomiki ndi kupanga wambirimbiri mphamvu.

Pamene ngati tcheni anachita ukulamulidwa, akhoza kumwedwa yeniyeni. Mwachitsanzo, kwa Kutentha kapena magetsi. njira zoterezi zimagwiridwa pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi mathanki.

Ngati inu kupsa zotani, kuphulika atomiki zidzachitika. Ngati ntchito zida za nyukiliya.

pali chinthu chimodzi chokha mu pompo-pompo - ureniamu ndi chimodzi chokha fissile isotope numeral 235. Ndi chida.

Mu wamba nyukiliya riyakitala ureniamu ku ureniamu-238 mchikakamizo cha nyutironi mtundu watsopano isotope No.239, ndipo Kuchokera m'menemo - nyukiliyazo basi, amene ali yokumba ndi sanapezeke mu pompo-pompo. Choncho kuuka nyukiliyazo basi-239 ntchito zolinga zida. mnjira fission nyukiliya ndicho zida zonse nyukiliya ndi mphamvu.

Zochitika monga Alpha kuwola ndi beta kuwola, chilinganizo chimene kusukulu, zomwe zili ponseponse masiku ano. Chifukwa motero, pali mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera, ndi zambiri yopanga zina zochokera sayansi ya nyukiliya. Koma musaiwale za mpweya wa poizoni za zinthu zambiri izi. Pamene inu ntchito ndi iwo amafuna chitetezo chapadera, ndi kugwilizana ndi miyeso ngozi. Apo ayi, kungachititse kuti tsoka mpaka kalekale.