Mkulu-liwiro sitima. Liwiro mkulu-liwiro sitima

Njanji akhala kwa mazana a zaka. Panthawi imeneyi sitimayo inadzera yaikulu zamoyo zinachita njira kwa trolleys chachikulu, atagwidwa ndi dzanja kupisa mpaka superhighways makina ntchito pa mfundo za levitation maginito. Today Railway Express ndi pafupifupi m'dziko lililonse. Tiyeni tiwone, kodi sitima yachangu mu Russia ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Apa ndi mlingo akufotokoza amene angafikire liwiro la makilomita 300 pa ola limodzi!

Belgium

Mu malo khumi - Belgium kugwirizana TGV mndandanda (Phunzitsani à Grande Vitesse). sitima Iwowa anayamba kumayambiriro 1987 ndipo anali kupita ku Amsterdam kuti Paris, kudutsa Cologne ndi Brussels. Express sitima achita kugwira ntchito mu 1997.

Modern HSL 1 akuthamanga pa mzere mkulu-liwiro, zomwe zikugwirizana likulu la Belgium, France sitima. Njira ku Paris ku Brussels (300 km) sitima akuthamanga mphindi 82 basi. Wake liwiro pafupifupi pafupi makilomita 300 pa ola limodzi. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, njira imeneyi si wotchipa kayendedwe. Mkulu-liwiro tikiti sitima ndalama zokwana mayuro 88 (kawiri mtengo kuposa kuyenda mpweya). Komabe, amachita wina wokongola dongosolo kuchotsera.

Taiwan

Khumi sitima yachangu ya dziko amatsegula Taiwan sitima THSR 700T. Long, apeza yekha. "Shinkansen" prototypes ndi zitsanzo kulenga zinali sitima Japanese. Zolemba malire opaleshoni liwiro ndi Taiwan Express makilomita 300 pa ola limodzi. Komabe, mu 2005, anafika chilemba cha makilomita 315. Amene amaloledwa THSR 700T kulowa pamwamba khumi yachangu.

Sitima akuthamanga ku North South wa Taipei, Kaohsiung. Khumi ndi magalimoto omasuka pa ulendo akhoza kukwera anthu okwana 989. The sitima wotchuka osati kwa liwiro lake komanso chitetezo ndi olondola.

Germany

malo chinayi mu kusanja ali wotanganidwa ndi German mkulu-liwiro imaphunzitsa InterCity Express (Ice). Liwiro amenewa chitsanzo njanji Strasbourg Paris ukufika makilomita 320 pa ola limodzi. Today lofotokoza ayezi - izi ndi waukulu German sitima wautali. Iwonso angadze yotsatira European Union, ndi Russia (Mwachitsanzo, mkulu-liwiro kuphunzitsa Moscow - St. Petersburg).

Mu Germany, tinayamba kukhala mkulu-liwiro lachitsanzo mu 1985, pamene dziko unagawidwa pawiri. Ndipo pa njanji sitima yoyamba ananyamuka 1991, pambuyo pophatikizana a. Wotonza Ice-V mwatsatanetsatane mode mayeso, liwiro makilomita 407 pa ola limodzi. Komabe, ntchito, iye sadatulutsidwe.

Mu 1984 kampani anayamba chitukuko cha mayeso Transrapid wa njanji pakati pa mizinda ya Laten ndi Derpy ntchito pa dongosolo la "Sitimayi". M'sitima ichi nthambi kukatenga liwiro mpaka 420 Km. Koma chifukwa cha mavuto amene zinachitika pa amene anapha anthu 23 mzere mu September 2006, Launch za "Sitimayi" anali kulephereka kalekale. Panopa, sitima sitima yekha monga maulendo kukawona ndi zokopa.

England

Pa malo chitatu mu kusanja - UK sitima mkulu-liwiro. Top oimira - ndi British Sitima Yapamtunda Maphunziro 373 ndi Eurostar. liwiro awo ranges ku makilomita 300 335. Izi mndandanda magetsi TGV (a French lachitsanzo) anayikidwa kugwira ntchito mu 1994 ndi kuthamangira pakati pa mayiko atatu: UK, France ndi Belgium. Njira yawo imakhala mwa wotchuka sitima mumphangayo pansi pa English Channel. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, m'ngalande - wachiwiri yaitali mu dziko.

Mukapita ku mlingo, ndiye muyenera kunena za mbiri anapereka Eurostar sitima mu 2003 - 334,7 makilomita paola. njira yonse kuchokera Paris ku London mu sitima zimatengera mphindi 136.

London kuphunzitsa ambiri capacious mu dziko. Iwo angakhoze kupitira anthu okwana 900. Komanso, mkulu-liwiro zonyamula sitima Eurostar ndi chimodzi mwa sitima yaitali - akafika mamita 394 m'litali ndi ali magalimoto 20 m'sitima.

Korea South

Seventh malo kusanja Korea sitima KTX Sancheon. liwiro lake - kuchokera makilomita 305 kuti 352. Lokomotiv anayamba ulendo wake woyamba mu 2009. The mapulogalamu - dziko wotchuka kampani Hyundai Rotem, ndilo maziko kwa chilengedwe cha sitima anatenga French TGV luso.

Magetsi ali ndi sitima dziko la Korea South. Ndipo ngakhale mbiri choperekedwa 2004 (352 Km / h), lofotokoza liwiro pafupifupi konse kuposa chizindikiro cha makilomita 305. Zonsezi ndi zifukwa chitetezo kumene. KTX Sancheon - capacious (okwera mpaka 363), omasuka ndi zamakono chitsanzo akuthamanga pa Seoul - Pusan ndi Yongsan - Mokpo (mu Kwangju).

Italy

Mu malo chimodzi - maganizo Italy ETR-500. dzina lake lonse - Elettro Treno Rapido 500. sitima The anamasulidwa ku Roma mu 1993. Wapakati opaleshoni liwiro Express ndi 300km / h. Koma mbiri yake mu 362 kilometre sitima anaperekedwa mu 2009, pamene galimoto kudutsa njira yotulukira kuti zikugwirizana Bologna ku Florence.

Nthawi imene ETR-500 chililaka njira yanu (Bologna - Milano), ndi zosakwana ola. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, chaka chino inakonzedwa kutulutsidwa mu Italy zisanu chabe mbadwo watsopano wa ETR 100 sitima. makina amenewa adzakhoza kukatenga liwiro pakati pa 350 ndi 400 Km / h.

Spain

Asanu yachangu poyera Spanish mkulu-liwiro sitima chopangidwa ndi malonda kampani Alta Velocidad Española, kapena chidule Ave. chidule izi si mwangozi. Mu Spanish, "ndi Ave" amatanthauza "mbalame." Lachitsanzo wotchuka wa kampani - ndi mwanaalirenji lofotokoza sitima Ave Talgo-350. Kwenikweni ntchentche ngati mbalame, kufika imathamanga 330 Km / h.

Ave Talgo-350 - sitima mkulu-liwiro ndi omasuka anthu mpaka 318. Iye amayendetsera pakati Madrid, Valladolid ndi Barcelona. Mu 2004, pa mayesero, ndi sitima anatha overclock kuti liwiro pazipita - 365km / h. Mwa njira, umatchedwa "bakha". treniyi analitcha chifukwa cha m'litali kale, zikuoneka kwambiri akufanana mulomo pa bakha.

China

Ndipo chachinayi, ndi wachitatu malo akutengedwa ndi Chinese sitima mkulu-liwiro.

Pa wachinayi - "oyera Chinese» CRH380A. anapanga - waukulu dziko kampani kuti yopanga magalimoto njanji - CSR Qingdao Sifang sitima ndipo anagubuduza Stock Company. Sitima kufulumizitsa kuti makilomita 380 pa ola limodzi. Ndipo mayeso anapereka umboni wake - makilomita 486. CRH380A - omasuka ndi otakasuka mkulu-liwiro sitima Beijing - Shanghai, Shanghai - Hangzhou ndi Guangzhou - Wuhan. flights wawo, anayamba kuchita ndi September 2010.

Yachitatu - kwa Chinese Shanghai Sitimayi Phunzitsani. Iwo akhoza kukhala ndi liwiro la makilomita 431 kuti 501 pa ola limodzi. The sitima umagwira ntchito pa mfundo za maginito kuyimitsidwa "Sitimayi", lomwe anadzipatsa Germany lapansi. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, Shanghai Sitimayi anayamba osati Chinese, koma Germany chomwecho. zinachitika wake anali German sitima Transrapid SMT. Chinese mkulu-liwiro sitima anapatsidwa mu 2004 mu mzinda wa Shanghai. Liwiro pazipita pa chimene chimatsutsana tsiku lililonse pamodzi njira zake Shanghai - ndege si upambana 431 Km / h. Komabe, angathe zambiri. Pa mayesero sitima omwazika kuti makilomita 501 pa ola limodzi!

France

Wachiwiri mu dziko liwiro - ndi French TGV sitima zino. Amapita pa maulendo ku France kuti Switzerland ndi Germany. Wapakati zitsanzo liwiro - pa 320 Km / h. mbiri chinakhazikitsidwa mu 2007 ndi anakwana 574,8 km / h.

French dongosolo sitima mkulu-liwiro ndi Sitima Grande Vitesse - ena olemekezeka ndi yachangu mu dziko. Iwo mobwerezabwereza kumenya timva liwiro dziko. Kukula kwa zitsanzo ngati inayamba mu France mu m'ma 1960. Zinali kuyankha chilengedwe cha lake Japanese "Sinkansenov". Lero, France monyadira yaikulu mizere mkulu-liwiro (pa 1,700 makilomita) ndi 4,000 sitima mitundu isanu ndi iwiri.

Dziko la dzuwa likutuluka

Choncho tabwera kwa sitima yachangu mu dziko. Ndipo pamndandanda Japanese "Shinkansen» (Shinkansen). Liwiro sitima mkulu-liwiro - 581 Km / h. Amaswa zolembedwa zonse dziko ndi tsiku. Japan anayamba dziko loyamba dongosolo ake njanji kuonetsetsa mzere osiyana maulendo mkulu-liwiro. Mbali yoyamba ya woyendetsa zimenezi kuthawa mu 1964. Iwo anali anapima kuti lifanane ndi Games Olympic ku Tokyo. Njira: Tokyo - Osaka.

The sitima yoyamba, "Shinkansen" anali atapangidwa mu mawonekedwe a zipolopolo, choncho dzina labwino. Ngakhale lero, sitima Japanese pa achikale njira amatchedwa "zipolopolo". Ndi chizindikiro cha mkulu-liwiro Mbali awo. Fotokozani kwenikweni kuuluka liwiro la chipolopolo. Normal liwiro "Shinkansen" - 443 Km / h. Ndipo Mtheradi mbiri dziko, umene unakhazikitsidwa mu 2003, anafika chilemba cha 581 Km.

Modern "Shinkansen" - ndi omasuka mkulu-liwiro lofotokoza sitima, amene ali mu kapangidwe kake wa sikisitini magalimoto amphamvu ndi zisathe. injini Japanese sikuti yachangu mu dziko, komanso otetezeka. Makumi asanu zaka za ntchito ya sitima ya mtundu uwu konse mu ngozi yaikulu! No ovulala, palibe kuwonongeka - chitetezo wathunthu.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ndi Tokyo njanji maukonde ndi lotanganidwa mu dziko. Asanabwere ake, "Shinkansen" sitima anagwira anthu okwana sikisi biliyoni! No mzere sangathe kudzitama wa kanjedza amenewa.

The yachangu, otetezedwa kwambiri, komanso molondola kwambiri mu dziko. Choncho, mtunda kuchokera Osaka kuti Tokyo sitima ntchentche kwa mphindi 145. Ndipo mu 2003, lomwe 160 flights awa, "Shinkansen" adasokera ndandanda masekondi sikisi okha ...

Russia

dziko lathu, ndithudi, sangathe kudzitama kanjedza ngati chidwi ndi 300 Km / h sitima Russian si kupeza. Komabe, ife akhoza kudzitama maulendo mkulu-liwiro.

Isanafike 2009, pa njira Moscow - St. Petersburg anatsatira sitima ER200. liwiro ake monga kale zotheka kumvetsa ku dzina, ndi 200 Km / h. Ndipo pa mayeso sitima anatha overclock mpaka makilomita 210. Mu 2009, ndi chozizwa cha luso olembedwa kupita, ndipo iye anali m'malo ndi mkulu-liwiro sitima "Sapsan". sitima Dzina dzina lake pambuyo Peregrine Chimphamba, amene amaonedwa mbalame yachangu mu dziko. sitima lakonzedwa ndi anasonkhana Germany. Pachimake amatha liwiro la 300 Km / h. Mlengi (Siemens) anakhazikitsa pazipita kapangidwe liwiro la makilomita 350 pa ola limodzi. Pa mayeso akuthamanga pa njanji wathu sitima omwazika kwa 290 Km / h. Phunzitsani "Sapsan" amasuntha njira Moscow - St. Petersburg. Mtunda Izi kukusonyeza maola anayi, liwiro avareji 166 Km / h. Iye kenanso kumwaza chitetezo. Mwa njira, maganizo kwa Moscow kuti Nizhny Novgorod, zambiri limayenda pa liwiro la makilomita 160 pa ola limodzi ...

Mu Russia, mu malo yachiwiri itatha "Peregrine Chimphamba" akuyimila kudya sitima "kumeza". Zikuonekanso anayamba ndi kampani German Siemens. Iwo makamaka anatumizidwa ku Russia mu chiyambi cha Zima Olympic ku Sochi. Amakhala ndi magalimoto asanu ndi kutalika kwa mamita 130. Lusoli opareshoni mu mode wapawiri (ndi Kuwonjezera magalimoto asanu). "Kumeza" Pansi liwiro - mpaka 160 Km / h. Bukuli lakonzedwa kuti maulendo wakunja kwatawuni ndipo okonzeka ndi nsanja mkulu. Masiku ano, sitima izi kuthamanga kwa Moscow, St. Petersburg ndi Krasnodar. Komanso sitima ndi ku Sochi Tuapse.

Mu Russia, mosiyana ndi m'mayiko ena, achiwiri odzipereka mkulu-liwiro mizere satero. Ndipo mkulu-liwiro sitima "kumeza" ndipo zochepa mofulumira "Sapsan" kuyenda kale analipo, ngakhale modernized, njira. Komanso, timathandiza izi kufotokoza, ife tinali kuchotsa ena njira pang'onopang'ono. Zimenezi, kwachititsa kwambiri wosakhutira mwa anthu akuderalo. Ndipo mtengo wa matikiti kwa sitima izi si mkulu, ngakhale mfundo za Europe ndi Asia. Pa ulendo sitima ku Moscow ku St. Petersburg inu kulipira monga mmene adzapatsidwa ngati kuitaya kumeneko pandege.