Mipweya ya zamoyo ku mawonedwe a sayansi

Tiyeni tione mipweya ya zamoyo, kusankha zinthu zikuluzikulu, zomwe ndi zofunika kwa kutukula.

sayansi

Sayansi ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira zikuchokera zamoyo, kusanthula ntchito zawo dongosolo, kusintha, kugawa. Iwo anayamba mapangidwe ake kwa zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa, pamene iwo anali makalasi zikuluzikulu za zinthu za thupi zamoyo.

kachulukidwe zikuchokera

Mipweya ya maselo a zamoyo zikuphatikizapo zinthu zambiri tebulo nthawi. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa okhutira ndi m'magulu atatu. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa organogenic, chifukwa popanda sikutheka kumaliza kuli zamoyo. zinthu izi zimatha kupanga kumangidwa covalent, ndiwo maziko a dziko wamoyo.

macronutrients

Pakati macrocells zimatulutsa potassium phosphorous, magnesium, calcium, chlorine, sulfure, sodium. Zinthu mankhwala amene amapanga zinthu zamoyo, tiyenera kuonetsetsa kuti njira kuwombola.

Micronutrients

Cobalt, molybdenum, nthaka, ayodini, vanadium, bromine ndi gawo mahomoni, michere. kuchuluka amanena si maperesenti oposa 10.

ultramicroelements

Gold, Silver, Platinum ndipo panopa ku zamoyo zina, koma chiwerengero chawo ndi negligible. zinthu zimachitikira amene ali zamoyo wamoyo pano mu mawonekedwe a ayoni zabwino kapena zoipa. Ndi ofunika kwambiri kotunga selo kukula full, chilengedwe cha minofu latsopano mu thupi kukhala zabwinobwino asidi-zamchere bwino. Kodi zikuchokera mankhwala zamoyo? Choyamba, mipweya akhoza adzaweruzidwa mangolomera kapena malemeredwe maselo, mlingo wa kagayidwe, mphamvu moyenera.

Mipweya ya zamoyo zokhala salt mchere ndi madzi amoyo. Kumachitika mu amadzimadzi sing'anga akatembenuka kuwombola zochita mphamvu zonse m'kati mwa zamoyo. The madzi molekyulu ali dipole dongosolo, imene pali covalent kumalo ozizira kumangigwa. Kuti kuchepetsa elekitironi kachulukidwe maatomu wa hydrogen kwa mpweya chifukwa cha kugawanika, amene amasonyeza kufunika kwapadera kwa madzi chamoyo. Kupangidwa pakati mamolekyulu madzi nsinga ofooka omwe mphamvu zomangira zochepa covalent pafupifupi 20 nthawi. Ndi thandizo lawo mapulotini zidulo mkati mtima mwa thupi mu zinthu zina, ndondomeko limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu imene thupi amafuna choncho. Madzi ndi zosungunulira konsekonse, n'kofunika makamaka mu moyo wa chamoyo, chifukwa ambiri a zochita zonse amuzolengedwa ikuchitika njira amadzimadzi.

ndi kapangidwe mankhwala zamoyo chiyani? Kuwonjezera zinthu zochita kupanga, iwo ali zinthu zina zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pali pano mapulotini zidulo mkati. Izo zinthu zimenezi organic akufunika kuteteza thupi. Ndi zinthu hydrophobic kuti musakhale kupasuka mu madzi, ndi mapuloteni, pafupifupi onse mafuta. Kusanthula waukulu mipweya ya zamoyo, tiona kuti ndi madzi kuti amagwirizana ndi lamulo la thupi matenthedwe ulamuliro. Izo zimatengera luso lake mu nkhani ya kudumpha mwadzidzidzi kutentha, timadya kutentha. katundu Zimenezi zimathandiza thupi kutetezedwa Kutentha kwambiri, kupewa kutenthedwa kwa thupi monga kutentha limatuluka mu mlengalenga. Ndi chifukwa madzi ndi yunifolomu kufalitsidwa mphamvu mwa zimakhala zosiyanasiyana imagwiridwa makope zonse chifukwa cha kutentha kwa ziwalo zonse.

zikuchokera organic

Mwa mankhwala organic pano mu thupi la chakudya makamaka kufunika, lipids. Iwo mankhwala amene anapanga ndi mafuta zidulo macromolecular ndi alcohols trihydric - glycerol. mamolekyulu zamadzimadzi ndi kukula ochepa a molekyulu ndi. Iwo adzatenga katundu hydrophobic, i.e., si kupasuka mu madzi ndi kupanga kachitidwe colloidal - emulsion. Lipids mwangwiro sungunuka solvents nonpolar organic monga benzene, chloroform, acetone. ndi waukulu Kodi ntchito za lipids? Choyamba, iwo - zopangira magetsi. Komanso mfundo organic mankhwala imagwiridwa mu pompo-pompo Ntchito yomanga. Chakudya ndi komanso kugwira ntchito kwa thupi la zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Kuwonjezera zomangamanga ntchito mphamvu, n'zofunika kwa m'matangadza cha zakudya, komanso kuteteza thupi kupeza mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya. kuthekera zolimbana chakudya ndi mu mphamvu zolimbana, zikutanthauza kuteteza thupi zisaonongeke. Mapuloteni ndi mapuloteni ndi biopolymers ndi misa mkulu wachibale maselo, mu zatsalira organic la amino zidulo amene zinthu monga monomers.

Mapuloteni ndi mahomoni ayenera kulamulira njira zambiri yofunika zamoyo. Mu thupi palinso wapadera mapuloteni - michere, amene kwachilengedwenso catalysts, waluso kuti ananyema kapena imathandizira zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Kudziwa mipweya ya zamoyo, n'zotheka kulosera ntchito zake zazikulu, katundu, kupeza njira kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso adapindulapo.