Mbiri ya kamera, ndipo zithunzi

Today ife simungathe kulingalira moyo wanga popanda zithunzi. Iwo onse otizungulira ndi nthawi zonse. Kupanga chithunzi - ntchito pulayimale munthu ano. Koma pamene izi akanangokhoza ndimalota. Tiyeni tipeze chimene chinali mbiri ya ziwaya kamera kwa akatswiri oyamba zamakono.

Munthu wakhala amakopeka kwambiri. Tsiku lina iye amafuna kufotokoza izo, kuti adzalipereka kutiumba. Ndakatulo izo natenga maonekedwe mawu okongola, nyimbo - phokoso, ndi kupenta - fano. Chinthu chokha chimene iye sakanakhoza n'kuulanda anthu - mosayembekezereka. Mwachitsanzo, kugwira bingu mkuntho, kugaŵa thambo, dontho kapena yopuma. Mkubwela kwa kamera ndi zambiri n'zotheka. Mbiri ya chitukuko cha kamera zikuphatikizapo zoyesayesa angapo zoyambitsidwa zojambulira fano. Umayamba kalekale, pamene tikuphunzira Optics wa refraction kuwala, masamu anaona kuti fano akhoza adzagonjetsa kudutsa izo kupyolera kabowo mu chipinda mdima. Taonani zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti anakhudzidwa mbiri ya kamera.

malamulo Kepler a

Ndipo inu mukudziwa, pamene mbiri ya kamera anayamba? Kagwiridwe choyamba, amene anayamba ntchito kulenga zithunzi, anaonekera mu 1604, pamene Yogann Kepler - German zakuthambo - anakhazikitsa malamulo a chinyezimiro cha kuwala galasi. Zitatero, iwo anakhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha magalasi kudzera amene Galileo Galilei - ndi wasayansi Italy - walenga woyamba zakutali dziko kusunga zakuthambo. ray refraction mfundo unakhazikitsidwa ndi kuphunzira. Mpaka kuphunzira mmene kulemba fano chifukwa pa pepala.

Kutsegula Niepce

Pafupifupi zaka zambiri mu 20s wa atumwi 19 French zatsopano Zhozef Nisefor Neps anapeza njira ya chifaniziro adani. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anali kuchokera nthawi imeneyo anayamba mbiri ya chiyambi cha kamera. The njira katswiri tichipeza mu mankhwala a kuwala kulowa phula varnish ndi kuwasunga padziko galasi. varnish uyu anali kuimiriridwa ndi zofanana kwa phula ano ndi galasi otchedwa kamera pinhole. Ndi njira iyi, chithunzi anapeza mawonekedwe ndipo kunayamba kuonekera. Imeneyi inali nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri, pamene kupenta anakopeka osati mwa chithunzicho koma cheza refracted kuwala.

Latsopano khalidwe chithunzi kuchokera Talbot

Kuphunzira mdima lojambulira Niepce, English sayansi William Talbot wapanga kuwongolera fano khalidwe ndi ntchito zoipa - iyeyo amene anayambitsa kujambula kulisindikiza. Izi zinachitika mu 1835. Kupezeka Zimenezi zinathandiza osati kutenga chithunzi cha khalidwe latsopano, komanso kutengera iwo. Chithunzi chake choyamba Talbot losindikizidwa windo la nyumba yake. chithunzi bwino amapereka ndondomeko ya zenera ndi chimango. Mu lipoti lake, olembedwa patsogolo pang'ono, Talbot wotchedwa chithunzi dziko wokongola. Iye ndiye maziko a mfundo imene ankagwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza zithunzi kwa zaka zambiri.

Kutulukira Sutton

Mu 1861, Chingerezi wojambula zithunzi T. Sutton zachitika kamera kuti anali wosakwatiwa reflex mandala. Kamera imakhala ndi miyendo itatu ndi bokosi lalikulu mbali pamwamba amene anali chivundikiro wapadera. Wapadera chivundikirocho inali yakuti kuti si kupereka kuwala, koma kuona izo. Mandala analemba maganizo ake pa galasi, amene mothandizidwa ndi kalirole kupanga fano. Mokulira anali kamera choyamba. History zina chitukuko cha kujambula anayamba pompopompo kwambiri.

"Kodak"

Brand otchuka masiku ano "Kodak" anali analengeza yokha mu 1889, pamene Dzhordzh Istman setifiketi woyamba mpukutu mafilimu, ndiyeno kamera amene apangidwa makamaka kuti filimu imeneyi. Chifukwa ndi "Kodak" lalikulu bungweli. N'zochititsa chidwi kuona kuti dzina "Kodak" sumabala potsegula aliyense zamalankhulidwe. Eastman ndimangofuna anabwera ndi mawu amene akanayamba ndi kutha ndi kalata yemweyo.

mbale chithunzi

Mu 1904, a Lumiere chizindikiro wakhazikitsa kumasulidwa mbale zithunzi mtundu. Anakhala zinachitika pa chithunzi ano.

Leica makamera

Mu 1923, panali kamera kuti ntchito ndi 35mm filimu. Tsopano inu mukhoza kuona zoipa ndi akanasankhidwa makina abwino awo. Patapita zaka ziwiri, mu kuŵeta makamera amene anayambitsa Leica. Mu 1935, panali chitsanzo Leica 2, omwe anali okonzeka ndi viewfinder, ndi cholinga wamphamvu, ndipo akhoza kuphatikiza zifaniziro ziwiri mu chimodzi. Baibulo la pa Leica 3 zimathandiza owerenga kusintha nthawi kukhudzana. Kwa nthawi yaitali Leica zitsanzo anali lingaliro zofunikira pa luso Zithunzi.

mtundu filimu

Mu 1935, Kodak anayamba kufalitsa mtundu filimu "Kodakhrom". Pambuyo makina filimu imeneyi izo zimayenera kubwerera kwa kuzilembanso, imene zigawo zikuluzikulu mtundu superimposed. patatha zaka zisanu akayanjana. Chifukwa, filimuyi "Kodakkolor" lotsatira theka m'zaka mmodzi wa kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito kujambula akatswiri ndi ankachita masewera.

"Polaroid" kamera

Mu 1963, mbiri ya kamera ali ndi vekitala latsopano. Kamera "Polaroid" anatembenuka lingaliro la kusala chithunzi yosindikiza. Kamera limakupatsani kusindikiza zithunzi atangotha zonse. Inu munali okha batani ndipo dikirani angapo Mphindi. Panthawi imeneyi, kamera imakhala ndi oyera contours kusindikiza chithunzi, kenako uthunthu wonse wa mitundu. Kwa zaka 30, "Polaroid" makamera pamalo Championship pa msika. The kuchepa kutchuka zitsanzo izi ndi zaka pamene anayambitsa nyengo ya digito kujambula.

M'chaka cha 70 cha anayamba kupereka makamera kukhudzana mita, galimoto cholinga, anamanga-kung'anima ndi modes basi kuwombera. Mu 80s, ena zitsanzo kale zida ndi kuwonetsera madzi Krustalo, omwe amasonyeza zoikamo ndi modes chipangizo. Mbiri ya kamera yadigito unayamba pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo.

Nthawi ya zithunzi digito

Mu 1974, chifukwa cha pakompyuta zakuthambo zakutali, anakwanitsa kupanga loyamba digito chithunzi cha kumwamba. Mu 1980, Sony anapezerapo amasulidwe kamera yadigito Mavica. Kanema anawomberedwa pa iye, analembedwa pa floppy diskette pagalimoto. Iwo akhoza umasinthasintha kutsukidwa kwa mbiri watsopano. Mu 1988 anapita chitsanzo loyamba la chipangizo digito ku Fujifilm. chipangizo dzina lake Fuji DS1P. Photos anatengedwa pa iye, kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe digito pa sing'anga amagetsi.

Mu 1191, Kodak walenga ndi digito SLR kamera, adali ndi 1.3 megapixel kusamvana ndi chiwerengero cha ntchito zimene kupita ku zithunzi akatswiri yadigito. A kampani Canon mu 1994 wapereka kamera yake kuwala chithunzi olimba dongosolo. Otsatidwa ndi zitsanzo filimu Canon anakana ndi kampani Kodak. Izi zinachitika mu 1995. Mbiri wotsatira wa kamera ali kusanduka kwambiri zazikulu, pamene chitukuko wachibadidwe zofunika sanaonekenso. Ndipo ndicho chimene icho chinali, kotero kuchepetsa izi kukula ndi ndalama pamene kuwonjezeka magwiridwe. Zili ndi osakaniza bwino mwa makhalidwe amenewa, ndipo lero kampani zimadalira bwino msika.

2000s

Samsung Corporation ndi Sony, amene amakonzedwa zochokera luso digito, odzipereka gawo la mikango a msika makamera yadigito. chitsanzo kwakung'ono anagonjetsa malire mu 3 megapixel kusamvana nayamba kupikisana ndi njira akatswiri kukula kwa masanjidwewo lapansi. Ngakhale kukula mofulumira umisiri digito - kudziwika nkhope ndi kumwetulira mu chimango, kuchotsa ndi "ofiira" maso, angapo mawonekedwe ndi ntchito zina, - mtengo zida chithunzi mofulumira kugwa. Mafoni zida kamera ndi digito mawonekedwe, kamera anayamba kukana. Film zipangizo ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri ndi chidwi ndi analogi kujambula anayamba kuyamikilidwa monga m'chipani ndi.

Kodi kamera?

Tsopano, ife tikudziwa inu kwa ena siteji inali nkhani ya kamera. Kuona mwachidule izo, kuyang'ana pa kamera chipangizo kwambiri.

Film kamera ukugwira ntchito mwa njira zotsatirazi: kudutsa kabowo cholinga, kuwala amachitira ndi filimu TACHIMATA ndi zinthu mankhwala ndi kusungidwa m'menemo. The nyumba Kodi kachilombo kuwala, komanso zofukizira chivundikiro filimu. Mu njira film, filimuyi ndi rewound nthawi iliyonse mpirawo. Disolo tichipeza magalasi angapo kuti amakulolani kusintha kwambiri. Mu mandala akatswiri kupatula mandala, komanso anaika kalirole. Kunyezimira kwa fano kuwala kusintha mwa chifundamtima a. Ndi shutter ndi pang'ono anatsegula shutter kuphimba filimu. Pa nthawi yayitali bwanji shutter ndi lotsegula, zimadalira zithunzi kukhudzana. Ngati nkhaniyo ndi bwino anayatsa, ndi kung'anima ntchito. Amakhala ndi nyale gasi kumaliseche, ndi yomweyo makhalidwe oipa amene angagwiritsidwe analandira kuwala, kupyoza kuwala kwa kuwala kwa zikwi makandulo.

The kamera yadigito pa siteji ya ndime ya kuwala mandala, komanso ntchito filimu. Koma chifanizo ndi refracted mwa dongosolo kuwala, izo n'kukhala mudziwe digito mu masanjidwewo lapansi. Maganizo a masanjidwewo chimadalira pa khalidwe la fano. Pambuyo recoded chithunzi awasungira mu mawonekedwe digito pa chonyamulira deta. The nyumba imeneyi kamera ndi ofanana ndi filimu, koma sadziwa njira ya filimu ndi malo mu spool ndi filimu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, kukula kwa kamera yadigito n'chochepa kwambiri. Kabwerebwere chikhumbo zitsanzo lero digito ndi LCD kudzionetsera. Iye, pa dzanja limodzi, akutumikira monga viewfinder, ndipo pa zina - limalola navigation mosavuta kudzera menyu ndi kuwona chifukwa cha cholinga.

Mandala chipangizo digito komanso tichipeza magalasi kapena kalirole. Iye akhoza kukhala laling'ono, koma zinchito mu makamera ogula. The mbali yaikulu ya kamera yadigito ndi bokosi kachipangizo. Ndi mbale zing'onozing'ono ndi wochititsa, umene umapanga fano khalidwe. Kwa mbali zonse za kamera yadigito likukwaniritsa microprocessor.

Pomaliza

Today tinaphunzira zimene magawo anali nkhani zochititsa chidwi za kamera. Photos lero kudabwa aliyense, koma nthawi zina iwo ankatengedwa chozizwitsa cha zomangamanga. Tsopano chithunzi zichitike nkhani ya masekondi, ndi pamaso zimatenga masiku.

Mbiri ya kamera mkubwela kwa kamera yadigito ali latsopano chosaiwalika chitukuko. Ngati kale wojambula zithunzi kupita ku mitundu yonse ya zidule kupeza chithunzi chokongola, koma tsopano ndi udindo olemera pa kamera mbali mapulogalamu. Komanso, zithunzi digito akhoza zina komaliza pa kompyuta. NdiAmene makamera woyamba wa sazitcha ngakhale akulakalaka.