Mbiri ya kujambula ku Russia. zithunzi Choyamba ndi makamera

Chilakolako kugwila munthawi ya moyo, kunachitika ndi munthu kapena dziko momuzungulira, alibe chiyambi. Iyi ndi m'mbale thanthwe, ndiponso maluso abwino. Mu zojambula aluso makamaka anayamikira yolinganizika ndi mwatsatanetsatane, luso mumpanda chinthu chenicheni imeneyo, kuwala, kupereka mtundu phale, mithunzi. Ntchito zimenezi nthawi anatenga miyezi ntchito. Ndi chilakolako chimenechi ndi kufuna kuchepetsa nthawi nakhala kutsogolera kwa chilengedwe cha fomu iyi luso, ngati chithunzi a.

Kubwera kwa kujambula

Mu IV m'ma BC Aristotle, wotchuka katswiri wa Greece wakale, anaona mfundo chidwi kuti kuwalako umasefedweramo dzenje ting'onoting'ono shutter pa zenera, kubwereza mthunzi pa khoma mukhoza kuona Isikariote malo kunja pa zenera.

Komanso, mu Mfundo asayansi ochokera m'mayiko Arab akuyamba kunena kuti mawu akuti mdima lojambulira, kwenikweni limatanthauza "chipinda mdima." Ichi chinaoneka kukhala chipangizo mu mawonekedwe a bokosi ndi dzenje kutsogolo, njira imene inasanduka kupanga rubbings akadali lifes ndi okongola. Kenako bwino bokosi, kupereka amachepetsa kusuntha ndi mandala, kupanga n'zotheka fokusatsiyu chithunzi.

Zikomo kuti maonekedwe atsopano chithunzi ndinayamba kumvetsa bwino kwambiri, ndi chipangizo akutchedwa "kuunika chipinda", ndiye kamera lucina. Oterowo luso yosavuta watilola kuphunzira mmene angapezere Arkhangelsk pakati pa zaka za m'ma XVII. Ndi thandizo lawo, chiyembekezo cha mzinda wakhala kudzipatula, ndi zolondola.

Magawo chitukuko zithunzi

Mu XIX atumwi ndi Joseph Niepce kupangidwa mwa kujambula, umene anautcha photogravure. Kutenga njira zimenezi zinachitika dzuwa lowala ndipo mpaka maola 8. Kwenikweni ake ali motere:

• anatenga zitsulo mbale amene anali TACHIMATA ndi lacquer bituminous.

• The mbale ndi pansi kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi kuwala, chifukwa cha zimene varnish si kusungunuka. Koma ndondomeko uwu wakhala m'goli ndi kudalira mphamvu ya kuwala aliyense wa malo.

• Kenako mbale woyesedwa ndi zosungunulira lapansi.

• Pambuyo Acid unazokotedwa.

Chifukwa, mwai zonse zinachitika mpumulo, chitsanzo lalembedwa kokulumunya lapansi. Yotsatira siteji kwambiri pa chitukuko cha kujambula anali daguerreotype. Dzina njira yake kutenga dzina la zatsopano ake Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, amene anacititsa fano pa mbale siliva, ankachitira ndi nthunzi ayodini.

The njira zotsatirazi anali calotypy anausankha Genri Talbotom. Ubwino wa njira amatha kupanga mabuku a chifanizo chomwecho, amene nawonso, ndi chinaonekeranso pa pepala impregnated ndi mchere siliva.

Kudziwana woyamba ndi luso kujambula ku Russia

Mbiri ya Russian kujambula wakhalako kuposa zaka theka. Ndipo nkhani imeneyi ndi zonse zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi mfundo zochititsa chidwi. Zikomo kuti anthu a dziko lathu ndi lotseguka kwa luso la kujambula, tikuona Russia mwa prism wa nthawi, monga izo zinali zaka zambiri zapitazo.

Mbiri ya kujambula mu Russia akuyamba ndi 1839. Zinali ndiye membala wa Russian Academy of Sciences J. Hamel anapita ku Britain, kumene anakumana ndi njira calotypy, kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane. Kenako anatumiza nkhani. Ndi zithunzi oyamba anachitika mwa njira calotypy zimapezeka, amene adakali zimasungidwa mu Academy of Sciences kuchuluka kwa ndalama 12. M'zithunzi pali siginecha ya anayambitsa njira, Talbot.

Pambuyo pake, mu France Hamel ndi bwino Daguerre, pansi amene malangizo Mkhristuyo zimapangitsa ena akatemera. Academy of Sciences, mu September 1841 kalata analandiridwa ku Hamel, amene, malinga ndi iye, anapangidwa koyamba ndi Photo chikhalidwe. Anapanga mu Paris pa chithunzi - chithunzi wamkazi.

Pambuyo pake, luso kujambula ku Russia kuyambira adzapeze patsogolo mofulumira osauka. Mu XIX ndi XX zaka ojambula Russia anayamba kumanja onse kuti kutenga nawo mbali mu chithunzi zisudzo ndi showrooms a kalasi lonse, amene analandira mphoto yapamwamba ndi mphatso, tiri nawo mamembala a m'madera ziwalo.

njira Talbot

Mbiri ya kujambula ku Russia anayamba kupanga zikomo kwa anthu chidwi latsopano luso. Kotero anali Yuliy Fedorovich Fritsshe, wotchuka Russian katswiri ndi sayansi. Iwo katswiri Talbot Yoyamba njira kupeza zoipa pa pepala photosensitive akutsatiridwa ndi kusindikiza pa pepala mankhwala salt siliva ndi kuwonetseredwa kwa dzuwa.

Fritzsche anatenga zithunzi woyamba calotypy-chomera masamba, ndiyeno anapita kwa akadama wa Sciences ku St. Petersburg mu May 1839 ndi lipoti. Mu ananena kuti ndi calotypy njira oyenera imprinting zinthu planar. Mwachitsanzo, njira ndi oyenera kutenga zithunzi za zomera choyambirira ndi mwatsatanetsatane zofunika zomera.

Athandiza J. Fritzsche

Chifukwa Fritzsche mbiri zithunzi mu Russia anatenga sitepe patsogolo: anati akufuna kuti m'malo ndi sodium giposulfat, amene anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chithunzi Talbot, chifukwa amoniya kuposa kwambiri akweza calotypy, kuwongolera fano khalidwe. Julius Fedorovich anali woyamba mu dziko ndi oyamba mu dziko, amene anachita kafukufuku pa kujambula ndi luso zithunzi.

Alexey Grekov ndi "luso kanyumba"

Mbiri ya kujambula mu Russia patsogolo, ndipo izi zimathandiza kuti chitukuko zinapangidwa ndi Alexey Grekov. Moscow inventor ndi engraver, iye anali woyamba Russian ambuye zithunzi ndi katswiri calotypy ndi daguerreotypes. Ndipo ngati utawafunsa funso la zimene anali makamera choyamba mu Russia, ndi kuyambitsa Grekov, "luso chipinda", tinganene kuti ngati.

Kamera woyamba, iye analengedwa mu 1840, amalola kuti apamwamba, ndi zithunzi zabwino sharpness chithunzi izo sizikanakhala kuti ambiri kuyesera kukwaniritsa kwa ojambula. Agiriki anatulukira mpando ndi cushions wapadera kuti anathandiza yajambulidwa mutu, kulola kuti musatope pa wakhala wautali ndiponso kukhala pa malo apansi. Ndipo kukhala bata munthu wa mpando nayo nthawi yaitali: Mphindi 23 mu dzuwa lowala ndi tsiku overcast - onse 45.

Grekov mwini kujambula akuti ndi Russia yoyamba luso wojambula zithunzi-portraitist. Kukwaniritsa wokongola chithunzi zithunzi anamuthandiza ndipo anatulukira iwo fotoustroystvo ongokhala m'chipinda matabwa, limene palibe kuwala. Koma bokosi imeneyi asankha Chrixitu ndi kubwerera powonekera. Pa bokosi akunja mbali kutsogolo kwa mandala izo Ufumuyo, ndi chinthu. Mu mbale mkati bokosi ankaganizira kuwala. Mwa kusinthasintha mtunda pakati mabokosi, ndiko kuti, kuwasuntha iwo wina ndi mzake, kapena mosinthanitsa, izo zikanakhala zotheka kukwaniritsa kufunika chithunzi sharpness.

chopereka Sergeya Levitskogo

Munthu wotsatira imene mbiri zithunzi mu Russia anapitiriza kukhala mofulumira, anali Sergei Levitsky. Mu mbiri ya Russian kujambula anali dagerroptipy Pyatigorsk ndi Kislovodsk, iye anapangidwa mu Caucasus. Komanso golide Mendulo chionetserocho luso unachitikira ku Paris, komwe anatuma zithunzi kuti mpikisanowo.

SERGEY Levitsky wakhala chapatsogolo zithunzi, amene anapereka kusintha mkhalidwe kukongoletsa kwa kujambula. Nawonso anaganiza kuchita retouching chithunzi zithunzi ndi zoipa kuti kuchepetsa kapena kwathunthu kuchotsa zolakwika luso, ngati aliyense.

Levitsky ku Italy mu 1845, kusankha kulera mlingo wa nzeru ndi luso m'munda wa daguerreotype. Iye amapanga zithunzi za Rome, komanso zithunzi chithunzi aluso Russian kumeneko. Ndipo mu 1847, amadza ndi kamera ndi ubweya lopinda, ntchito kwa ubweya izi kwa accordion lapansi. Luso analola kamera kukhala mafoni, amene kwambiri bwanji kukula kwa mipata zithunzi.

Iye anabwerera ku Russia SERGEY Levitsky kale wojambula zithunzi, anatsegula mu St. Petersburg daguerreotype mwini msonkhano "Kuwala kupenta". Pamene izo atsegula shopu ndi kusonkhanitsa chuma cha zithunzi za ojambula zithunzi Russian, olemba ndi zithunzi pagulu. Kuphunzira luso kujambula, sataya, kupitiriza empirically kuphunzira ntchito za magetsi ndi kaphatikizidwe ndi dzuwa ndi kukopa kwake pa mafano.

Russian kufufuza kujambula

Zaluso, mwini kujambula, woyamba ndi asayansi ku Russia adzipangira chopereka kwambiri pa mbiri ya kujambula ndi chitukuko. Mwachitsanzo, pakati anayambitsa ingapezeke makamera amadziwika mayina Russian monga Sreznevsky, Ezuchevsky, Karpov, Kurdyumov.

Ngakhale Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev anali kutengapo mbali, chinkhoswe mu mavuto ongolankhula ndi othandiza zithunzi zotsimikizira. Ndipo pamodzi ndi Sreznevsky iwo anaima pa chiyambi cha dipatimenti Zithunzi pa Russian zaumisiri Society.

Wotchuka kupambana ambuye yowala a Russian kujambula, sipangakhalenso kuvala ndime ndi Levitsky, Andreya Denera. Iye ndi mlengi wa chimbale choyamba ndi zithunzi za wotchuka asayansi, madokotala, apaulendo, olemba ndi ojambula zithunzi. A wojambula zithunzi Alexander Karelin zinadziwika mu Europe, nalowa mbiri ya kujambula monga woyambitsa wa kafukufuku banja polemba chinenero chimenechi.

Kukula kwa kujambula ku Russia

Chidwi kujambula kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX chawonjezeka osati mwa akatswiri komanso pakati pa anthu wamba. Ndipo mu zaka 1887, atamasulidwa "Zithunzi Bulletin" magazini, imene mudziwe anali zinapezedwa mankhwala, nyimbo mankhwala, njira ya zithunzi processing, deta ongolankhula.

Koma pamaso pa kusintha Russia kuchita kujambula luso wakhala alipo yekha kuti ochepa anthu, chifukwa pafupifupi palibe woyamba kamera sipanatenge imathandiza popanga iwo pamlingo mafakitale.

Mu 1919, V. I. Lenin inaika lamulo kulimbikitsa malonda Zithunzi m'manja mwa Commissariat anthu, ndipo mu 1929 anayamba kulenga kuwala tcheru zipangizo Zithunzi, ndiye angafunike onse. Ndipo woyamba m'banja kamera "Photocor" amapezeka mu 1931.

Udindo wa olamulira Russian, luso labwino, woyamba mu chitukuko cha kujambula lalikulu ndipo ali ndi malo abwino mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi ya kujambula.