Kutulukira kujambula ndi mafilimu a kanema: tsiku. Mbiri ya atayamba kujambula mwachidule

Komanso zithunzi, kujambula ndi mbiri kokaonera mafilimu anayamba ndi chilakolako yosavuta anthu kugwila mphindi moyo wawo, kusunga kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kachilombo kwa anthu ena m'tsogolo. Ndi luso molondola kubereka chifanizirocho pepala kapena filimu, malo awa awiri yapangidwa mu luso. Ojambula, mwachitsanzo, sananene okha ku ntchitoyo kulenga chithunzi chabe transmits zokhudza maonekedwe a chitsanzo. Photo wakhala akulandira uthenga winawake, lingaliro kusamutsa zitsanzo khalidwe, ndi maganizo mphindi. Ndipo mu filimu, kuyambira ndi makanema ojambula masekondi angapo, malangizo mwamsanga anayamba, ndipo masiku ano mafilimu a kanema mungathe yaikulu, mpaka yomanga nkhani za chitukuko zakuthambo ndi zolengedwa zamatsenga. Kutulukira kujambula ndi mafilimu a kanema amalembedwa mndandanda wa atulukira ndi ntchito chigulu cha luso dziko, koma, kuwonjezera, chithunzi ndi kanema ndi mwamphamvu mu moyo wa munthu masiku ano. Masiku ano, ndondomeko yodalirika ndiponso processing zithunzi, kujambula ndi processing kanema ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku akhala mophweka kuti sikutanthauza maphunziro apadera ndipo satenga nthawi yaitali. Kodi kuyamba mbiri ya atayamba kujambula? Kodi mafilimu?

Maonekedwe a zithunzi woyamba Zithunzi

Kodi kumvetsetsa ndi pa zithunzi pepala la dziko? funsoli ndinadzifunsa maganizo lalikulu la kalelo. Kupambana anali zikamera wa otchedwa mdima lojambulira, amene amathandiza chifaniziro n'ngolondoladi zinthu mu dziko zakunja ndi amene anayamba Kutulukira kujambula. Date, m'badwo wa pofuna loyamba kugwila munthu kuchita izo pachionetsero nthawi ya chithunzi m'mbuyomu osadziwika ndithu, koma woyamba amene anafotokoza zachilendo anasonyeza zinthu kuwala kukhala Leonardo da Vinci. Chinachake kenako, Giovanni Porta kumanga chitsanzo makamera pinhole, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito kusamutsa dongosolo dera kumtunda chinsalu ndi dzanja. Monga zinachitika wa kamera ano, kamera, tsoka, sanali kupereka mwayi otere, omwe atapereka kwa anthu kamera. Mphindi pamene loto la kupeza zithunzi ntchito luso anafika pamene chiwerengero cha atulukira zidapangidwa ndi tcheru kugwirizana ndi katundu yeniyeni zinthu mankhwala amene angamuthandize kuti anyamule ndipo kukonza fano.

Chithunzi choyamba mu mbiri ya

Chaka zithunzi Kutulukira - 1839, pamene French zatsopano Lui Zhak Mande Dagher lofalitsidwa ntchito za kuphatikiza chifukwa fano akamagwira mdima lojambulira, pa pepala. Mu yomweyi, pamodzi ndi iwo, kutsegula ndi kupeza mafano choyamba anadzipereka polalikira Genri Foks Talbot ndi Zhozef Nisefor Neps. Iwo Niepce mu 1826 itagwa koyamba atathana kukambirana ndi zinachitika za chifanocho. Zithandizana ndi kusainira mgwirizano, Daguerre ndi Niepce anayamba ntchito pofuna zithunzi Zithunzi. Zotsatira zake zinali daguerreotypes - kupeza chifano mokwanira bwino pa mbale zitsulo ndi wosanjikiza iodide siliva ntchito Mercury nthuzi. Kuyambira pamenepo anatenga kanthawi mpaka daguerreotypes kusanduka motsogozedwa sitiriyo a. The woyamba akumana angapo mavuto: ndi ndalama, ndi kusadziwa ena, kodi kwenikweni zothandiza Kutulukira zithunzi. Monga m'tsogolo anali chitukuko cha kujambula?

citukuko

Inasintha mbiri ya kujambula ayenera kuonedwa zoipa Kutulukira. Izi watsegula mwayi: Tsopano mothandizidwa ndi oipa Zithunzi kuwonjezera zithunzi ndi kukopera iwo, ndipo pamenepa ndipo panali kwenikweni masiku Kutulukira zithunzi. Tsiku la mwambo ameneyu - mu 1841 - ndi kutenga British zatsopano William Henry Fox Talbot setifiketi kwa njira calotypy - kupeza pepala zoipa, kenako mawu a fano zabwino pa pepala hloroserebryanoy. Zingapo motsatizana atulukira: yonyowa collodion ndondomeko kukonza developability wa emulsion, ntchito pa zinthu zithunzi Kutulukira ndi filimu 1887 godu - mofulumira chitukuko ndi zinthu zochepa chilengedwe cha pachithunzipa. Kumapeto kwa zaka 19 anapatsa anthu n'zotheka ndi njira ndi yachidule ndi yosavuta kupeza fotografichesih images, ndipo, mosakayika, Kutulukira kujambula yokha kunasintha m'mbiri ya luso.

Kuwonjezera kuwala!

Woyamba Zithunzi chithunzi anatengedwa mu mtundu, chinapezeka mwa kukukhala atatu. Ndinayamba experimenting kutulutsa mtundu zithunzi Dzheyms Klark Maxwell, ndi zotsatira za ntchito yake pa kuwombera ntchito Zosefera mtundu wofiira, buluu ndi wobiriwira mitundu anakantha anthu. ntchito zachokera chotulukira, ananena kuti kuphatikiza kwa mitundu itatu iyi angapereke hue aliyense ankafuna. Komabe, asanayambe mtundu kujambula zinali kutali: ndondomeko akhala kwambiri nthawi yambiri. Kumayambiriro ojambula m'ma 20 kulikonse anagwiritsa ntchito njira ya colorize zithunzi wakuda ndi woyera, koma kwenikweni Kutulukira mtundu kujambula wakhala zenizeni ndi kuyambitsa kwa mtundu filimu mu 1935. Patapita chaka, pa malonda mtundu filimu 35 mm, ndipo anali ndiye anadza Boom wa mtundu kujambula, kwambiri angakwanitse kwambiri chifukwa ogula pafupifupi.

Kuchokera "filimu" kuti "manambala"

Zikuoneka kuti zimene Liima kulota? Kutulukira kujambula - mmodzi wa atulukira kwambiri pa mbiri. Koma munthuyo akufuna kuti apitirize wosalira nthawi chiphaso, ndi zithunzi yosindikiza. Mbali ya zinachitika choyamba cha kupambana ndi kulandira yomweyo chithunzi - ichi chidali chifuniro kamera "Polaroid" imene yomweyo zipsera zithunzi pa pepala. Koma ndondomeko ya ntchito ndi makamera amenewa anali kumva amafuna kuti tikhale magazini apadera zithunzi, komanso owerengeka akatemera. Koma posakhalitsa, asayansi analengeza pano za kupambana, ndipo panali latsopano "digito" Kutulukira kujambula. Tsiku - 1975 - ndi pamene kamera woyamba anali otukuka, amene anatha Chithunzi ndi kulemba fano pa tepi ya maginito. woyamba chithunzi kusamvana 100 okha 100 pixels, ndi tepi ya maginito ndi yolemera makilogalamu oposa atatu! Woyamba anali chitukuko cha kamera yaying'ono mwa Sony amatchedwa "Mavika", ndipo atafika kwa anatulukira ndi kutukula ena. Companies mpikisano kupeza apamwamba kusamvana, kupeza kuthekera kulemba zithunzi mu file osiyana ndi kuthekera kuteteza zina. A Boom weniweni, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri makamera digito mtundu anayamba m'zaka za m'ma mochedwa 20 ndi m'ma 21.

Art zithunzi

Kutulukira kujambula anapatsa anthu kulenga ndi mwayi watsopano cha kudzinenera zakukhosi. Ngati amisiri a, ojambula kwambiri ndi kapangidwe imeneyo, mtundu ndi kuwala, kuyesera kuti "nsomba" mpirawo bwino, ndipo nthawi zina kutembenukira chithunzi chanu mu chithunzi chenicheni. Enni Leybovits, Helen Levitt, Stiv Makkari, Erich Salomon - mndandanda wa mayina wotchuka ojambula kungakhale yaitali kwambiri, ndipo aliyense wa iwo anatchuka kwambiri makamaka, wapafupi mtundu wanyimbo zithunzi. Chibwenzi, munthu aliyense mu dziko angakhoze kamodzi kuyesa dzanja lake wojambula zithunzi. Art kumafuna kudzipereka ndi mfundo inayake kuti wolemba akufuna kuuza omvera ake. N'zovuta kuyamba kujambula nokha?

Nsonga oyamba ambuye

• Kulenga chidwi chithunzi muyenera kuganizira zikuchokera, atavekedwa mu chimango cha. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mukhoza kuphunzira malamulo a zikuchokera kuti ntchito kuti kupenta, kapena experimenting popanga zinthu zapadera yake kuwombera.
• Sikuti kuthamangitsa luso ndi kufuna kugula mtengo kwambiri ndi zamakono kamera. Chisankho akadakwanitsira kwa woyamba adzakhala chida yabwino, amene amalola inu kudziwa mfundo zikuluzikulu za kujambula, mukhoza kuyetsa zipangizo, monga zinthu kuchotsa ntchito kamera filimu.
• M'munsi, amene ayenera kukhala wopanda ntchito wojambula zithunzi kulikonse - chidziwitso cha kuya kwa munda, kuwala yozungulira, zikuchokera, ntchito ndi chifundamtima. Kenako inu mukhoza kuyamba kulenga mothandizidwa ndi kuwala ndi mthunzi, kuwonjezera ntchito ya Zosefera zosiyanasiyana, komanso kuphunzira mmene mwaluso kusamalira zithunzi mu mapulogalamu ziwalo.

The filimu yoyamba

Kutulukira kujambula zafotokozedwa mwachidule pamwamba m'nkhani ndi zimene kunena za mbiri ya chitukuko cha mafilimu a kanema? The woyamba m'ma 19 ayesa kachitidwe kuti Kulenga kulowa chamoyo, ndipo woyamba amene anakwanitsa ichi, kukhala abale Lumiere. Posonyeza woyamba kavidiyo mtundu 35 mamilimita lotchedwa "Kufika kwa Phunzitsani", "Tulukani ku fakitale," apainiya wa mafilimu a kanema n'kutamandidwa anthu ndi mwayi wosonyeza kuti dera lino la chisunzo.

chitukuko cha mafilimu a kanema

Inasintha mbiri ya mafilimu a kanema ndi kutulutsidwa kwa kanema "The Jazz woimba" mu 1927, pamene filimu linapangidwa ndipo analengeza. pofuna - kujambula mtundu filimu "wapita ndi Mphepo" mu 1939, ndi kusintha wonse kwa mtundu kujambula zinachitika kale moti mmene 60s kwa zaka za m'ma 20. A azimuth watsopano luso wapereka kale mafilimu lalikulu Mitundu yosiyanasiyana. chakuti m'zaka otsiriza zinkaoneka losatheka ndi zonama, lero ndiwo pogwiritsa ntchito zidule ndi zithunzi kompyuta. gulu lalikulu la akatswiri nawo chilengedwe cha mafilimu kuti kulenga chomaliza mankhwala. Mafilimu bwino nthawi zonse moyenerera anazindikira kuti "Nosferatu" (1922, dir. F. Murnau), "Zisanu asilikaliwo" (1954, dir. A. Kurosawa), "Zamkati zopeka" (1994, dir. K. Tarantino), "Chivumbulutso tsopano" (2003, dir. F. F. Koppola) ndi mafilimu ena ambiri.

ziyembekezo chitukuko

Dziwani kuti tsopano mafilimu akufunafuna njira yatsopano kwa ulaliki wa mfundo ndipo mitu, kukhala njira luso ndi njira processing kompyuta. Vuto ofunika a kokaonera mafilimu masiku ano vuto la kukopera ndi kuberana kwazaluso, uzigawidwa mwaulere wa chotsirizidwa pa Intaneti. Chimene chinakudabwitsani ndi mafilimu a kanema mtsogolo ndi zimene levers adzakhala apanga kulamulira mankhwala luso? nthawi Only iyankha mafunso amenewa.