Mpeni - ndi chiyani ichi? Nikon F phiri

Mpeni - ndi sayansi dzina disolo phiri chifukwa chithunzi ndi zida kanema. Kungakhale dongosolo yolusa kapena msonkhano wapadera, umene kamera yakwera disolo. Tonga makampani popanga makamera, apanga mfundo awo mindandanda yamasewera, kawirikawiri ndi mpeni cha chikhulupiriro chimodzi ndi yosemphana ndi zina. Komabe, pali dongosolo yovomerezeka ndi zipangizo zina (mwachitsanzo, adaputala-mpeni) kwa Optics unsembe kwa Makampani osiyana. Mitundu yofala bayonets: Nikon F, Canon EF ndi Sony E.

F mpeni wa "Nikon"

Ndi chitukuko cha kujambula, zinadziwika kuti Optics mwadzina, mwamphamvu olumikizidwa kwa unit nyumba, sangathe kukumana ndi maganizo a kulenga akatswiri. njira inapezeka ntchito magalasi mosinthana. The kampani Nikon wakhala oyamba kuti atchule muyezo fixation a magalasi zochotseka. Mpeni mtundu, anayambitsa mu 1959, kampani "Nikon" ndi mpeni releasable kugwirizana ntchito kulumikiza kamera 35mm (thupi) ndi mandala.

Magalasi ndi dongosolo choyambirira F-mpeni ntchito kwambiri mpaka 1977, sanabadwe anaonekera yogwirizana ndi mtundu mchitidwe AI. Ngakhale masiku ano magalasi Nikon angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mtundu chipangizo F ndi ntchito zabwino ndi makamera aakulu, ngakhale unsembe kungafune zazing'ono patsogolo makina.

Mfundo ntchito

Mpeni - ndi chipangizo yosavuta. Pofuna kugwirizanitsa mandala mtundu kamera F, m'pofunika pamanja agwirizane ndi ziyerekezo mandala ndi dongosolo tendril metering, omwe anakonza malo f / 5,6 zakulera. Kenako magalasi a mtundu umenewu umatchedwanso chisanadze AI ndipo sanali AI.

ngakhale

Magalasi Nikon F mpeni-mtundu ntchito yabwino ndi makamera zamakono zonse Nikon osachepera pamanja kusankha mode padzuwa, makamaka ngati kusintha iwo ngakhale ndi phiri AI. Pankhaniyi modes ntchito kabowo patsogolo kudzadalira chitsanzo kamera. Masanjidwewo metering kumafuna kukulitsa wapadera phiri, choncho zambiri sagwira ntchito ndi magalasi awa, ngakhale titsirizitse muyezo AI.

kapangidwe

Kale kuyambira magalasi okonzeka ndi Nikon F mpeni phiri dongosolo kampani ntchito limagwirira a zakulera basi. Ndiko, gawo ili zonse otseguka pamene muyenda cholinga ndipo anatseka okha kwa kanthawi pamaso pa mphindi ya zithunzi. Ndi chithunzichi viewfinder si mdima ndi sikungalepheretse chiongoko ngakhale mphete kabowo anamasuliridwa kuti malo chatsekedwa. Amapanga, izi anazindikira mawonekedwe a ndalezo anamanga mu kamera chisa, wotsika pamaso chithunzi. Disolo adzamasulidwa ndalezo wina amene opanikizika masika atseka masamba zakulera.

Nikon mpeni mtundu AI

AI (Makinawa indexing) - bwino Baibulo la woyamba phiri Nikon F - anali akufuna mu 1977. Fans mankhwala "Nikon" kuyembekezera dongosolo ndi kusinthidwa limalola magalasi mosinthana mofulumira. Nthawi zina mwaluso zithunzi mediocre alekanitsa masekondi angapo atayika, ndiye tangotaya pa mandala m'malo. Ndipo fotogigant anayambitsa mandala latsopano phiri. Izi kapangidwe streamlined kuti amaloledwa kuvala disolo ndi chimodzi kayendedwe dzanja, ndi tisawononge nthawi kulowa kabowo mphete mu gawo index.

Pamene ntchito pa makamera ano AI-magalasi umagwira ntchito modes monga Buku (M) ndi kabowo patsogolo (A) kuyan'anila kukhudzana dontho kapena zokha. Ena makamera Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito masanjidwewo metering.

Magalasi akale mtundu (F) N'zosavuta kukweza ntchito ndi kuwonjezeka AI, amene ndalezo kukhudza chipinda mpeni kukambilana malo a zakulera mphete.

zaluso

Ankayenera kuti luso ndicho kukhazikitsidwa kwa levers makina amene ayenera kudziŵitsa m'chipinda chodyera cha kutalika focal disolo. Akatswiri adati latsopano "Nikon" kamera adzakhala mwanjira pamfundo. Koma akweza phiri si bwanji. The okonza anapita njira zina: ndi magalasi ano popereka mauthenga a pakompyuta. Njira kunapezeka kuti mtengo kwambiri ndi odalirika kwambiri. AI-magalasi tsopano anagulitsidwa kwa pafupi kanthu, ngakhale pang'ono wolephera ano AI-S (mwachitsanzo, iwo alibe pulogalamu mofulumira).

Soviet ndi Chiyukireniya kamera ndi magalasi

Pa dera la USSR ndi Ukraine 35 mamilimita makamera ndi magalasi amene yogwirizana ndi phiri Nikon AI, anamasula fakitale Kiev "zida". Mwa makamera zinali motere:

• "Kiev 17";
• "Kiev 20";
• "Kiev 19";
• "Kiev-19M";
• Wolamulira Arsat magalasi.

Mpeni mtundu Nikon AI-m

Ichi ndi gawo lotsatira mu zamoyo wa magalasi zochotseka. Chotero chipangizo ndi ntchito lero. Ndi AI n'zosavuta kuponyedwa pa yeniyeni anamaliza neckline mu mpeni kupezeka pa chromed mphete lonse mozama za kuthengo (mu AI wakuda pamwamba) ntchito lalanje utoto chodetsa kabowo osachepera.

Letter «S» amatanthauza kuti koyefishienti wa liniya kutseka zakulera amakhudza kuchimwa kwa zakulera-chizindikiro ndalezo ku mpeni. Chifukwa cha luso mu zipinda autofocus mwatsatanetsatane kabowo muyeso ali kwambiri kuchuluka. kusintha si zofunika kwa zitsanzo ndi ulamuliro Buku.

Ngakhale ndi mitundu yapita

• Onse AI-S-magalasi yogwirizana ndi AI-magalasi.
• Onse AF, AF-Ine ndi AF-S-magalasi alinso yogwirizana ndi mpeni AI-S.
• Onse AI-S-magalasi ntchito pa "SLR» Nikon osachepera mode Buku.
• Ambiri SLR "Nikon", kuphatikizapo digito, akhoza kugwira akafuna kabowo patsogolo, pambali zingapo zipangizo mlingo ankachita masewera.

Pamaso mukufuna kugula, werengani malangizo wosuta wa kamera, amene nthawi zonse watipatsa thandizo la mitundu yeniyeni magalasi.

Mpeni-mtundu P

Muyezo hybrid unayamba mu 1988 mwachindunji ya m'manja magalasi Chosololera kuti Nikon amayenera kugwira udindo mpaka nthawi monga kuleza cholinga AF-magalasi Musatenge kupezeka. Panthawiyo, zabwino "avtofokusnikami" chitsanzo ndi magawo anali 300 mamilimita f / 2 8.

Nikon mandala anamasulidwa pang'ono mtundu P. mwa iwo 500mm f / 4 P (1988); 1200-1700 mamilimita f / 5,6-8,0 P ED; 45mm f / 2,8 P.

Magalasi ndi Buku mtundu P AI-S anawonjezera ndi anzanu angapo a pakompyuta mpeni AF. njira Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti ntchito masanjidwewo metering mode kuti wachita anaonekera pa makamera ndi autofocus.

Mpeni-mtundu AF

Nikon mandala autofocus AF (kupatula AF-Ine ndi AF-S) kwachititsa sharpness chifukwa kasinthasintha wa galimoto mu chipinda ndi anadutsa njira yapadera mu mandala zochotseka. Ojambula ndi limagwirira amenewa amatchedwa "screwdriver". Tsopano dongosolo amayang'ana wosazindikira poyerekeza ndi Canon dongosolo autofocus, koma ndi kapangidwe analola kumbuyo mu 1980 kukhalabe ngakhale zonse ndi magalasi neavtofokusnymi. Onse chipangizo autofocus (kuphatikizapo AI-S) kugwira ntchito mwangwiro kwa zipinda neavtofokusnyh. Komabe, zipangizo zimene sizigwirizana ndi AI, komabe amafuna pofuna kukwaniritsa.

Mpeni-mtundu AF-N

AF-zoti N polima yekha kuti kusiyanitsa magalasi mndandanda AF-zakale ndi atsopano. Pambuyo amasulidwe woyamba "Nikon» AF-magalasi ndinaganiza kuti ndi luso ngati wosuta-wochezeka, wina aliyense adzatenga zithunzi mode Buku. Choncho, choyamba AF-magalasi zida ndi woonda wovuta Buku moganizira mphete, amene ntchito zinali zosatheka. Komabe, kunapezeka kuti ojambula amakonda zinthu zakale lonse rubberized cholinga mphete. Choncho, akatswiri anabwerera iwo kumbuyo kwa magalasi autofocus ndi kuitana zosintha latsopano AF-N. magalasi zamakono zili ndi omasuka moganizira mphete, kotero AF-N kalembedwe kwa iwo salinso ntchito.

Mpeni-mtundu AF-D

Magalasi mu gulu ili mogwirizana ndi "nzeru" wa mtunda kamera pa zomwe tcheru. Theoretically, pa nkhani iliyonse, tiyenera kuthandiza dongosolo masanjidwewo metering kudziwa kukhudzana molondola kwambiri, makamaka pamene ntchito kung'anima. Komabe, mpeni AF-D ali zambiri malonda phindu kuposa zothandiza. Komanso, AF-D pamaso akhoza ngakhale kuyambitsa mtima pachithunzichi kukhudzana pamene kung'anima ndi masanjidwewo (filimu) ali pa mtunda osiyana nkhani.

moganizira liwiro ziribe kanthu kochita ndi kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa thandizo AF-D mandala phiri. Ndi chabe magalasi latsopano, amagwira ntchito mwamsanga kuposa akapolo anzawo akale. Onse AF-D-magalasi, komanso AF ndi AI-S, ntchito yabwino pa zipinda neavtofokusnyh.

Canon EF

Mpeni - si yekha ndi maganizo kampani ya "Nikon". makampani ena nawonso anayamba dongosolo awo mosinthana mandala phiri. The odana wosatha - kampani Canon - kotchuka chifukwa mitundu woganiza la nyumba. Pa nthawi imeneyo, pamene Nikon ankalimbikitsa dongosolo AI-S, «Canon» anapereka mandala kwambiri phiri EF.

Canon mpeni anaonekera kwa nthawi yoyamba pa mbo kamera 650 mu 1987, pamene kampani anapezerapo mndandanda autofocus SLR kamera. mchitidwe Izi ndi zosiyana ndi anzawo, makamaka pamaso pa ojambula magetsi, imene mandala wa kasamalidwe mudziwe opatsirana. Mu EF Phiri mawotchi Iris ulamuliro, ndi pagalimoto AF ndipo ena katundu wina adzasiyidwa. Patapita nthawi yaitali, chimodzimodzi Baibulo kulamulira ntchito Olympus zinayi magawo dongosolo.

Canon EF-S

EF-S njira imapereka lalifupi kutalika kwa kumbuyo kwa maso kwa sensa fano. Ndi pang'ono yogwirizana ndi EF muyezo monga magalasi EF phiri angagwiritsidwe ntchito maselo ndi EF mpeni ndi EF-S.

Mpeni makampani E Sony

E-phiri ndi mtundu kuphatikana "Sony" pa chitukuko cha magalasi kwa makamera mirrorless Alpha NEX mndandanda makamera ndi NXCAM. Izi ndi chitukuko mwachilungamo posachedwapa, anayambitsa mu 2010 ndi zomwe zagwiridwa kwa nthawi yoyamba mu Sony α mndandanda wa mankhwala (NEX-3 makamera, -5). Mbali A wa mpeni dongosolo kugwirizana E ndi desyatikontaktny mawonekedwe yadigito.

Mpeni ndi index "E" ntchito mirrorless kompaktkamerah okonzeka ndi mawerengetsedwe, kwambiri khalidwe chithunzi pa mlingo wa "SLR". Imodzi SLR kamera "Sony" A akatswiri mpeni ntchito yabwino mosinthana mandala dongosolo kalirole semitransparent. Machitidwe awiri amasiyana ukulu ndi flange pambali zina kamangidwe. Izi mtunda kuchokera ndege mogwirizana (masanjidwewo) ku mapeto a disolo. Mu SLR makamera ndi mandala lomenyera ukugawa galasi, kotero lalikulu ntchito mtunda analandira, kumawonjezera thupi kukula mosinthana mandala. Zipangizo mpeni E galasi si lamulo, chotero disolo ndi opepuka kwambiri ndi kwambiri yaying'ono.

Ngakhale ndi malonda opanga ena

Chodabwitsa opanga ndi Japanese sanatsatire njira yake, ndipo anasankha njira ya omasukirana. Features cha zimenezi, ngati Sony E mpeni, kulola kuti apange adaputala azamagetsi apadera kuti kulumikiza disolo ndi pafupifupi mindandanda yamasewera aliyense masiku ano ku makampani zotsatirazi:

• pentax;
• olympus;
• Nikon;
• leica;
• Hasselblad;
• Exakta;
• Minolta AF;
• Canon EF;
• contarex;
• Contax;
• Rollei;
• Yaying'ono 4: 3;
• Yamazinga T-phiri, C mtundu, M39 × 1, M42 × 1 ndi ena.

Mu 2011, kampani anatsegula chipangizo makamaka monga Sony mandala phiri, amene amalola makampani lachitatu chipani kubala magalasi awo pansi pa kamera Japanese.

Pomaliza

Koyamba, disolo phiri si mwaukadaulo yovuta yomanga. Komabe, unit amagwira ntchito zingapo zofunika. Iwo amalola kusintha mitundu ya magalasi malingana ndi ntchito anachita ndi mamangidwe wochenjera, liwiro ndi zambiri yabwino ndi Optics m'malo. Zofunika ntchito chachiwiri - kulanda mudziwe digito maselo ano kudzera mwa ojambula magetsi disolo ndi mpeni kuti amalola disolo ndi kamera kuti maloboti kuti pazipita zithunzi khalidwe kapena mavidiyo.