Mawu akuti chuma cha ndale

Msika umakhala wovuta komanso wolimba kwambiri umene umadalira pazifukwa zambiri: mlingo wa kutsika kwa mitengo, chiŵerengero cha zopereka-zofunikirako, ntchito ya omwe akugwira nawo ntchito, malamulo a boma ndi, ndithudi, dziko la chuma chonse. Pa nthawi yomweyi, gawo lomalizira limagwira ntchito imodzi yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko chabwino cha anthu onse.

Kupanga chuma chamakono kunakhudzidwa ndi masukulu ambiri ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi. Maziko, neoclassical, Marxist, Keynesian, mercantilistic ndi njira zina zathandiza kwambiri pa zomwe zikudziwika kuti chuma ndi mgwirizano wa msika. Zolingalira ndi ziwonetsero za akatswiri akale a filosofi spodvigli oganiza zakale kuti apeze mayankho a mafunso onse okhudza mgwirizano pakati pa wogula, wogulitsa ndi boma.

Kotero, Montchretien, yemwe anayambitsa sukulu ya mercantilism, anayamba kufotokoza maganizo a chuma cha ndale. Mbali ya mawu awa anawonekera nthawi ya moyo wa Xenophon. Anali wolemba wachigiriki wakale komanso wandale amene adayambitsa mawu akuti "chuma", kutanthauza "malamulo osungira nyumba". Mercantilists anayamba kulingalira lingaliro limeneli mozama kwambiri - mwachibale osati kwa banja okha, komanso ku boma. Choncho, m'magazini yake Montchretien analengeza mawu akuti "chuma cha ndale". Ngati amatanthauzira mawu, amatanthawuza "kayendedwe ka chuma cha boma kapena boma."

Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mawuwa anayamba kukula ndikutanthauzira malire ake. Ndipo, monga chifukwa chake, chuma cha ndale chakula kukhala sayansi yosiyana. Asayansi ndi oganiza za sukulu yapamwamba monga Smith, Ricardo, Quesnay, Boisguilberg, Turgot, Petit ndi ena adayamba kufufuza zowonjezereka, koma komanso gawo la zozizwitsa zokha. Izi ndi zomwe zinatiloleza kulingalira njira zamkati za kugwirira ntchito kwa msika wovuta ndikupangira maziko a sayansi yatsopano monga chuma cha ndale.

Chifukwa cha oyimira sukulu yapamwamba, chiphunzitso cha ntchito cha mtengo wake chinayambika.

Izi zikhoza kuonekeratu momveka bwino m'malemba a David Ricardo, yemwe poyamba adayesera kuti adziwe kusiyana pakati pa malipiro ndi phindu, komanso phindu ndi lendi. Pa nthawi yomweyi, chiphunzitso cha sukulu yapamwamba chinali cholinga chofotokozera zofuna za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zinali zenizeni pamene mapangidwe a capitalist ndi a capitalist anayamba kupanga kuti nkhondo yosalephereka ya m'kalasi ya anthu ogwira nawo ntchito ikupeza mphamvu. Kenaka oimira sukuluyi anayamba kulimbikitsa mwakhama kuthetsedwa kwa feudal atavism.

Anali chuma cha ndale cha Britain chomwe chinapanga maziko a chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso za Marxist. Komabe, sukulu ya Socialist yokha imachokera ku ziphunzitso za Ricardo ndi Quesnay - m'ma 3000 m'ma 1900 ku Britain ndi France, sayansi yomwe yasinthidwa ndikusemphana ndi chiphunzitso cha zolemba zamakono. Amasiya chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha ntchito yogwira ntchito ndipo amatha kutchula malo osiyana siyana - nthaka, ntchito ndi ndalama. Asayansi monga Say, Malthus ndi Bastia saganizira malamulo a chitukuko, koma amadalira zokhazokha zachuma. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimatchedwa "zonyansa zandale".