Chakale chuma ndale

Magwero a sukuluyi m'ma 17 chifukwa chakuti woyamba nduna ya zachuma chiphunzitso - mercantilism - ndi akale ndipo sangapitirize mavuto akukumana chuma pa nthawi imeneyo. Chakale ndale chuma, amene konsekonse anazindikira monga kholo la W. Zing'onozing'ono, kunachitika mu mapangidwe ake ena masitepe, amene tikufuna kulankhula.

Mayeso oyamba - mapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18 oyambirira, pamene William Zing'onozing'ono ku England ndi Per Buagilber ku France anayamba atsopano pa nthawiyo vuto zonse kuti nkhani zachuma, umene posachedwapa kusanduka mu zinthu zimenezi, monga sukulu chakale cha chuma ndale.

Tikumbukenso kuti sukulu chakale mu m'ma 18, zachitika ndi azimuth chidwi physiocracy, amene anayambitsa ndi Fransua Kene. Oimira kukuchititsa zimenezi makamaka anatsindika ulimi, kukhulupirira kuti yekha kwenikweni amalenga malonda. Ndipo, mwachitsanzo, blacksmiths chomwecho chabe kutembenuza zipangizo wogwila, kotero ntchito yawo si kofunika kwambiri.

Gawo lachiwiri amagwirizana kwambiri ndi zachuma wolemekezeka Adam Smith, amene ntchito "chuma cha Nations" (1776) akadali nkhani chidwi chachikulu cha sayansi. "Dzanja wosaonekayo" wake wotchuka wakhala anazindikira ngati lingaliro chabwino cha nthawi ndi nthawi yaitali anazindikira yekha yolondola imodzi. Mfundo yofunika kuti pali cholinga malamulo achititsa chakuti kufufuza kulikonse kwa ubwino wa munthu akadali kuyambitsa athandize anthu lonse. Poyankha, pali njira malonda amene amakhala pakati pa zofuna za ogula ndi ogulitsa.

Mbali yachitatu (pafupifupi buku lonse zoyambirira za m'ma 19) zinali zodzaza ndi kusintha, makamaka England, kupanga makina, zomwe zinathandiza kuti kukhazikitsa mafakitale. Chakale chuma ndale pa siteji ya osauka Ricardo, T. Malthus, JB Umaoneka.

Mu komaliza, gawo lachinai, limene anatenga lonse yachiwiri theka zaka za m'ma 19, Karlom Marksom, poyamba pa zonse, kutulutsa buku la ntchito yabwino anagonjera kwa nthawi lonse, mpaka kunali sukulu chakale cha chuma ndale.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti limatchedwa sukulu chosiyana pang'ono - ndi bourgeois chuma ndale. Popeza kuti anali naye, ndipo inakulitsidwa chakale chuma ndale, monga nthumwi kuti lolunjika pa kuteteza zofuna za bourgeoisie lapansi. maganizo awo za laissez-faire zachuma chakale kusiyana maganizo mercantilist kuti ankagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko protectionist.

Chakale chuma ndale - ndipo ichi ndicho phunziro lofunika njira zambiri zachuma pa maziko a mfundo osati ndi maganizo ndi maphunziro ongolankhula. Choncho motsutsana ndi empiricism tingachipeze powerenga mercantilist.

Chakale chuma ndale amakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

1. Bukuli lili pa ntchito chiphunzitso cha mtengo. Zapamwamba kuti china chilichonse ayesedwa mu mawu a mmene khama wakhala khama pa ulimi wake.
2. Boma ayenera alowerere chuma ndi kochepa.
3. View zapamwamba sachoka dera kupanga, pamene dera la makope amapita mmphepete mwa njira.
4. Chosavuta m'gulu la "munthu chuma" amene tangokambiranako aliyense adzanene zomwe akufuna kupindula, koma ananyalanyaza khalidwe zikuyenela maziko.
5. ndalama linaperekedwa zambiri chidwi kwambiri ntchito yawo si ankaona. Ndalama - yekha ndiye, mwa zomwe ndi zotheka kusinthanitsa katundu.
6. Analimba kudalira: malipiro kwambiri, wamkulu kuwonjezeka ndodo, ndi mosemphanitsa.

Choncho, chakale ndale chuma - chiphunzitso, zomwe m'malo mercantilism, omwe chifukwa cha zinthu zina (chitukuko ubale chofunika ndalama, kumalizidwa kwa kudzikundikira wosazindikira likulu , etc.) silili limodzi ndi patsogolo chuma cha anthu pa nthawi imeneyo. Komabe, sayansi mafunde onse kufunika zosaneneka ndi chidwi kuphunzira osati chuma.