Mavuto mphamvu ndi njira zake

vuto mphamvu za umunthu kukhala chofala kwambiri chaka chilichonse. Ichi ndi chifukwa kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse ndi chitukuko mofulumira luso, imbaenda kuchepetsa kukula kugula mphamvu. Ngakhale ntchito ya nyukiliya zina ndi hydro mphamvu, gawo la mikango anthu mafuta kupitiriza kuchotsa padziko lapansi. Mafuta, gasi ndi khala ndi exhaustible zachilengedwe mphamvu chibwenzi, m'matangadza awo yafupika mlingo yovuta.

Chiyambi cha mapeto

The kudalirana mavuto mphamvu za anthu anayamba mu 70s Mu zaka zapitazo, pamene nyengo ya mafuta wotchipa yatha. Kuchepekedwa ndi kuwuka lakuthwa mu mtengo wa mtundu wa mafuta chikwiyire pamavuto aakulu mu chuma dziko. Ndipo ngakhale mtengo wake ali utachepa pa nthawi, mabuku akhala likunena kuchepekela, kotero mphamvu ndi zopangira vuto la anthu kukhala kovuta.

Mwachitsanzo, mu nthawi ya zaka 60 mpaka 80 zaka mazana makumi awiri, buku lonse la malasha anali 40%, mafuta - 75% gasi - 80% kuchuluka okwana chuma ntchito kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma.

Ngakhale kuti kuchepa kwa mafuta inayamba mu 70s ndi chinapezeka kuti vuto mphamvu - ndi vuto lonse la anthu, sanalembemo Zoneneratu wa kukula kwa mowa. Izo zinakonzedwa kuti buku la migodi ndi 2000 zingawonjezere ndi 3 zina. Ndiyeno, ndithudi, malingaliro amenewo anali kusanduka, koma zotsatira zake ndi wolowerera kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zathu zimene inatenga zaka zambiri, lero iwo ali pafupifupi wapita.

Waukulu Hrs mbali ya mavuto mphamvu za anthu

Chifukwa chimodzi kukula kusowa mafuta ndi weighting cha zikhalidwe za ulimi wake ndipo monga Motero, nyamuka mu mtengo kwa ndondomekoyi. Ngati makumi angapo zapitazo, zachilengedwe atagona padziko, koma masiku ano zonse kuonjezera akuya mabomba, gasi, mafuta m'zitsime. Makamaka anakula zinthu miyala ya yatsoka mphamvu mu zaka m'madera mafakitale North America, Europe Western, Russia ndi Ukraine.

Popeza mbali Hrs mavuto mphamvu ndi zopangira anthu, tiyenera kunena kuti njira zawo ndi kukuza malire gwero. Afunika kukhala madera atsopano ndi zinthu mbandakucha miyala. Choncho n'zotheka kuchepetsa ndalama yopanga mafuta. Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti akukhudzidwira likulu mwamphamvu kupanga mphamvu mu madera atsopano, monga ulamuliro, ndi apamwamba kwambiri.

mbali Economic ndi geopolitical mavuto mphamvu ndi zopangira anthu

Zikutha m'mayiko nkhokwe malasha mafuta kwachititsa kuti zikamera wa mpikisano kwambiri chuma, ndale geopolitical muzochitika. mabungwe chimphona zikugwira gawo mafuta a mafuta ndi mphamvu chuma ndi kusokonekera kwa mitundu ya chikoka mu makampani, imbaenda kusinthasintha mtengo zonse pa mpweya dziko msika, malasha ndi mafuta. zinthu kusokonekera kwambiri kukuwonjezera mavuto mphamvu ya anthu.

Global Energy Security

Mfundo imeneyi anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 21. Mfundo imeneyi njira chitetezo kupereka odalirika, yaitali ndi kupereka mphamvu zachilengedwe yovomerezeka mtengo umene adzayesedwa wolungama, ndi kukonza dziko onse exporting ndi yoti mafuta.

Kukhazikitsa njira zimenezi zimatheka ngati kuthetsa zimayambitsa mavuto mphamvu ya anthu zothandiza umalimbana anapitiriza kuonetsetsa zachuma monga utsi ochiritsira ndi mphamvu magwero zina. Ndipo kukula kwa mphamvu zina ayenera mwapadera.

mfundo kusamala mphamvu

Mu masiku a mafuta wotchipa kwambiri chuma tima chuma ali anatuluka mu mayiko ambiri pa dziko. Choyamba, chotero chodabwitsa yakula mu mayiko olemera mu chuma mchere. Talunjika mndandanda wa Soviet Union, United States, Canada, China ndi Australia. Mu USSR voliyumu ya mafuta ofanana ndi kangapo kuposa mu America.

Zinthu ngati chofunika mwamsanga kukhazikitsa ndondomeko mphamvu yopulumutsa zoweta, mafakitale, mayendedwe ndi kumabungwe ena a chuma. Mogwirizana mbali zonse za mavuto mphamvu ndi zopangira anthu ayamba kukonza ndi kugwiritsa umisiri kuchepetsa mphamvu yeniyeni mphamvu ya GDP m'mayikowa, ndi kumanganso lonse kapangidwe chuma chuma dziko.

Kupambana ndi zolephera

Bwino kwambiri lodziwika m'munda wa mphamvu zopulumutsa wakhala akwaniritsa mayiko olemera a Kumadzulo. Zaka zoyambirira 15 adakhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu mphamvu ya GDP ake 1/3 zinachititsa kuti kuchepetsa a gawo lawo kugula mphamvu dziko pa 60 peresenti 48. Pakali pano, kukuchititsa zimenezi wapitiriza, ndi kukula GDP mu West patsogolo pa mabuku kukula kwa mafuta.

N'zochititsa chidwi poipa ku Central ndi Eastern Europe, China ndi mayiko CIS. The mphamvu mphamvu ya chuma amachepetsa pang'onopang'ono. Koma atsogoleri a antireytinga zachuma ali m'mayiko osauka. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko ambiri African ndi Asian imfa kugwirizana mafuta (gasi, mafuta) ndi kwa 80 peresenti 100.

Zenizeni ndi akuyembekezera

mavuto mphamvu ndi njira yothetsera lero nkhawa dziko. Kuonjezera zinthu ziliri anayambitsa zosiyanasiyana zaluso luso ndi sayansi. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zopulumutsa angwiro mafakitale ndi oyang'anira tauni zida, umatulutsa mafuta-imayenera galimoto, ndi zina zotero D..

Pakati miyezo chachikulu zazikulu za citukuko monga kusintha mwapang'onopang'ono kapangidwe ka mowa mpweya, malasha ndi mafuta ncholinga kuwonjezera gawo la chuma zina ndi zongowonjezwdwa mphamvu.

Bwinobwino mavuto mphamvu ya anthu n'kofunika kupereka ulemu wapadera kwa Kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa njira zamakono nzeru kupezeka pa siteji pano kusintha sayansi ndi luso.

mphamvu nyukiliya

Chimodzi mwa mayendedwe kwambiri zingamuthandize m'munda wa mphamvu ndi mphamvu nyukiliya. M'mayiko ena olemera kale, achita m'Mphamvu mbadwo watsopano wa nyukiliya. Asayansi nyukiliya tsopano Chikukambidwa mutu mathanki opaleshoni manyuroni kudya kuti, monga momwe zimayenera kukhala watsopano ndi mogwira mtima kuposa funde la mphamvu za nyukiliya. Komabe, chitukuko wakhala anasiya, koma tsopano nkhaniyi wakhala apakhungu kachiwiri.

Ntchito magudumu MHD

Direct kutembenuka kwa kutentha mu magetsi popanda boilers nthunzi ndipo turbines mpata magudumu magnetohydrodynamic. Kukula kwa kukuchititsa zimenezi zingamuthandize anayamba kumayambiriro 70 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Mu 1971 mu Moscow iye anapangidwa choyamba kuyamba-mmwamba woyendetsa MHD mphamvu ya 25,000 kW.

Ubwino waukulu MHD magudumu ndi:

• mkulu Mwachangu;
• chilengedwe waubwenzi (palibe mpweya zoipa mu mlengalenga);
• n'kamodzi chiyambi.

cryogenic Turbo-jenereta

Mfundo ntchito jenereta cryogenic kwagona kuti ozungulira ali utakhazikika ndi helium madzi, umene zotsatira analandira superconductivity. Ubwino angatsutse ya makina monga dzuwa mkulu, otsika kulemera ndi miyeso.

Experimental-mafakitale zinachitika kwa cryogenic Turbo-jenereta analengedwa mu nyengo ya Soviet, ndipo tsopano Zimenezi zidzachitika mu Japan, ndi United States ndi mayiko ena otukuka.

haidrojeni

Kugwiritsa wa hydrogen monga mafuta ali chiyembekezo chachikulu. Malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, njira imeneyi kudzakuthandizani kuthetsa mavuto akuluakulu a anthu lobal - mphamvu ndi zipangizo vuto. Choyamba, mafuta a hydrogen ndi zina mphamvu zachilengedwe makampani zomangamanga. Woyamba galimoto pa haidrojeni analengedwa ndi kampani Japanese "Mazida" kumayambiriro 90s, injini latsopano lalembedwa kwa iye. kuyesera zinali bwino ndithu, natsimikiza angathe malangizowo.

magudumu electrochemical

Izi mabatire, omwenso amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa haidrojeni. Nkhunizo anadutsa Kakhungu polymeric ndi wothandizila wapadera - chothandizira. Chifukwa cha mankhwala anachita ndi mpweya, wa hydrogen wokha sukhalira n'kukhala madzi, kumasula mphamvu mankhwala ndi kuyaka, amene n'kukhala magetsi.

Zipangizo ndi mabatire amasiyana maximally mkulu Mwachangu (pa 70%), chimene chiri kawiri yaitali kuposa mbewu ochiritsira mphamvu. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ndi wosavuta ntchito, ntchito chete ndi undemanding kukonza.

Posachedwapa, mabatire ndi kuchuluka yopapatiza ntchito Mwachitsanzo kafukufuku mlengalenga. Koma tsopano ntchito kukhazikitsa magudumu electrochemical imachitika mwachangu m'mayiko ambiri olemera, yoyamba ndi Japan. The munkalowa wa mayunitsi mu dziko amayezedwa mamiliyoni kWh. Mwachitsanzo, ku New York ndi Tokyo kale mphamvu pa zinthu monga German automaker "Daimler-Benz" anali woyamba kulenga zinachitika ntchito galimoto ndi injini zikugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi.

Ankalamulira maphatikizidwe nyukiliya

Kwa zaka zambiri, anachititsa m'munda wa kafukufuku maphatikizidwe mphamvu. Pa maziko a mphamvu za nyukiliya zimene fission nyukiliya ndi maphatikizidwe nyukiliya zochokera ndondomeko n'zosiyana - phata la isotopes wa hydrogen (deuterium, tritium) kuphatikiza. The ndondomeko ya deuterium nyukiliya moto 1 makilogalamu kuchuluka kwa mphamvu anamasulidwa mu kuposa nthawi 10 miliyoni a kuwapeza malasha. The chifukwa alidi zochititsa chidwi! N'chifukwa chake mphamvu maphatikizidwe ndi chimodzi cha madera kwambiri zingamuthandize poyankha lonse kuchepa mphamvu.

Zoneneratu

Masiku ano, pali zochitika zosiyanasiyana chitukuko cha zinthu mu gawo mphamvu padziko lonse m'tsogolo. Malinga ndi ena mwa iwo, ndi 2060 mowa lonse mafuta ofanana kuchuluka matani 20 biliyoni. Pankhaniyi, mwa mawu a mowa panopa, m'mayiko osauka adzakhala Amalandira otukuka.

Pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 21 ayenera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa malasha mphamvu, koma kuonjezera gawo la zongowonjezwdwa, makamaka mphepo, dzuwa, geothermal ndi zopangira magetsi osefukira.