Mitundu ya mtanda zigawo Kodi

Kupanga chilichonse, yomanga makampani kupanga mbali ndi nyumba pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zina. Likuimira ngati chinthu ku kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana ndipo nthawi zina kugwiritsa ntchito phwando gawo kapena gawo.

Njira imeneyi ndi zojambula zomangamanga imagwiridwa, malinga ndi mfundo zina. Iwo bwino amatchula mitundu ya mtanda zigawo, kulola kubweretsa njira imeneyi mfundo wamba. Zimenezi zimathandiza akatswiri ntchito mumvetse bwino zithunzi zimenezo. Kuyambira izi zimatengera mtundu wa ndondomeko lonse kupanga ndi chomaliza mankhwala a bungwe. Choncho, mfundo zenizeni atapereka kwa chilengedwe cha zithunzi.

kuchita chithunzi Standard

Kugwira view chojambula zigawo, osiyanasiyana zigawo, cones, mipiringidzo, kuwagwiritsa ntchito kuti zojambula ndi malangizo mfundo zosiyana. Zikuluzikulu za iwo ndi umodzi dongosolo kapangidwe zolembedwa (ESKD) "Images -. Malingaliro, zigawo, mtanda gawo"

mlendo uyu polima January 1, 1968. Iye n'chakuti kuti fano kuoneka ngati ziyerekezo kwa chinthu ndege pa ngodya ena. GOST "Images - mitundu, mabala, zigawo," amanena kuti zithunzi ndi zojambula zimenezi ayenera kukhala osachepera kuchuluka. Koma ayamikike Katswiri awo ayenera kudziŵa zonse za chinthu.

Choncho, onse zithunzi monga amanena, GOST ogaŵikana mitundu, mtanda zigawo ndi zigawo. chikalata ichi limatsimikiziranso mitundu ya zizindikiro, zolemba ndi zizindikiro.

GOST 2.305-08 nthawi kuti mafano onse ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito luso kujambula ntchito orthogonal (amakona anayi) ziyerekezo. Choncho, nkhani ili pakati akuona ndipo mamangidwe ndege.

Koma polingalira kuti ena zigawo ndi zinthu ayenera kuganizira ku njira ina, chikhalidwe ichi anagwiriridwa. Choncho, maganizo mtanda yachigawo, ndi zojambula amene ntchito zinthu zokolola, wotchedwa zithunzi. Mfundo zawo ntchito mwachindunji angapo simplifications ndi kuchepetsedwa.

Lingaliro la mitundu, mabala ndi zigawo

Mabala, m'zigawo, malingaliro - awa mitundu itatu yaikulu yomanga wa luso zithunzi zojambula. Iwo ali osiyana amanena. Choncho tifunika kuwaganizira mwatsatanetsatane.

Otchedwa zojambula amaonera workpiece pamwamba loyang'anizana ndi wowerenga. Wosalira ntchito zomangamanga pa oterewa chithunzi amaloledwa ndi mizere kumugwetsera potanthauza pamwamba wosaoneka.

The view chachikulu - chithunzichi ya kutsogolo. Koma palinso anthu ena a mitundu wake. Mwatsatanetsatane amadziwikanso ndi chithunzi cha kumanzere, pamwamba, kumanja, kapena pansi.

Dulani - ndi workpiece zojambula, amene yachepa ndege maganizo (chimodzi kapena kuposa). Mu gawo la izo idzaonetsedwa zimene zili mu gawo ndege ndi kuseri kwa icho.

Koma gawo ili amatchedwanso zinthu za review, imene njira ina yachepa ndege. Koma imasonyezedwa yekha chimene chidali mwa kudula ndege. chakuti iye anali, mwa chithunzicho ndi zosaoneka.

matanthauzo awa ayenera kuganizira katswiri kuchita ntchito njira zamakono ntchito zojambula zomangamanga.

Akutali nayikapo gawo

Standard ESKD maganizo, zigawo, gawo imayamba ndi thandizo la gulu ena. Malinga ndi njira imeneyi, n'zotheka kumvetsa bwino kukondweretsa mfundo magawo ntchito zithunzi.

Zigawo mtanda anapangidwa kapena ziletso. Onse subspecies Sali mbali ya gawo.

Ndi bwino ntchito gawo anawamasulira okonza zithunzi. Iwo kawirikawiri anaikidwa kusiyana zinthu constituent a mtundu womwewo.

Chotero dera (komanso fano, gawo la chigawo) umagwiritsidwa ndi mizere wandiweyani ku chithunzicho. Ngati mtanda gawo la anakuta malire ake anasonyeza mwa malire olimba koma woonda.

Kulozera ndi chosokonekera olamulira mafano amenewa pogwiritsa ntchito mizere lili. Iwo chagwiritsidwa enaake anayesa ndipo musati kutanthauza makalata kapena mivi.

Koma m'pofunika ntchito mzere wakuda kusonyeza lotseguka njanji gawo ndege. Kodi anatchulidwa mivi, amene apatsidwa kumvetsa malangizo a maso.

Chimodzimodzi kung'ambika ndege kutanthauza likulu makalata Russian. Ofotokoza mtundu zamitundu waya, yadera kapena zigawo chopangidwa monga mwa "AA".

Mu zikwapu yomalizayi ndi koyamba ayenera simudutsa njira. Anatumizidwa zilembo galimoto kuti afabeti, popanda kubwereza kapena zosiyidwa. kukula wosasintha akhale nthawi 2 zambiri manambala osonyeza makulidwe.

makalata anakonza wachibale likufanana ndi chizindikiro chachikulu. Ndipo sikudalira mmene chigawo ndege ili.

Udindo wa kudula ndege

Malinga ndi malo amene kudula ndege, pali mitundu ingapo ya zithunzi zimene malamulo ndi GOST. mabala Species, m'zigawo, malinga ndi malamulo muyezo akufotokozera malo pamwamba pa ndege yopingasa.

Choncho, bisecting ndege akhoza kudutsa chinthu horizontally, vertically kapena obliquely.

Mbali yoyamba, mtanda yachigawo view anawona transversely, ikufanana ndi ndege yopingasa. Mu zithunzi zambiri, mtundu wa zomangamanga zojambula atayitanidwa. Ndime izi akhozanso maina osiyana mu ndondomeko aliyense kupanga.

gawo ofukula kumafuna kuwayika odulidwa perpendicular maziko a. A zosiyanasiyana kupanga anapambutsa pakati yopingasa ndi intersecting ndege zina njingayo. Ndi osiyana ndi mwachindunji.

Ndime ofukula ndi mazunzo (kufanana kutsogolo ziyerekezo mzere) kapena mbiri (kufanana kwa mzere mbiri ziyerekezo).

Ngati mtengo ndi zochokera pamodzi kutalika kapena kutalika kwa chinthu ndi kotenga yachigawo view. Koma pali cholinga china cha chithunzicho. Pali mtanda yachigawo maganizo amene ali perpendicular kwa lathu mu danga la kudula ndege, wachibale kwa m'litali kapena kutalika kwa chinthu.

Mu chikukoka, malo a chigawo mtanda anasonyeza ndi mibvi ndipo anasankha mzera lotseguka.

Chiwerengero cha ndege zodula

Magawo osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito gawo limodzi lokha la ndege. Izi zokwanira kumvetsa mmene katswiri ayenera kupanga gawo ili. Koma workpieces zovuta kuti sikokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, pali mitundu ya matabwa mtanda zigawo kuti ayenera maganizo kudula mu njira zosavuta.

Kuti zimenezi zitheke, mfundo mwachindunji kugwiritsa ntchito ndege angapo intersecting. Iwo akhoza kusweka kapena movutikira. Lathu ndege kungathandize kwambiri pa nkhani imeneyi.

Ngodya limene zikugwirizanirana, n'chakuti dzina la wina ndi mnzake. Ngati ndege kuphatikiza kupanga mlingo woyenerera, Kadulidwa stepwise. Pamene chiŵerengero uwu khalidwe mosiyana okonda gawo polyline.

Pamene zigawo lovuta ndege kudutsa mfundo pakati zikwapu imagwiridwa. Pa koyamba ndi womaliza mfundo imodzi muvi motsogozedwa maso akuona. Iwo zili mkati 2-3 mamilimita wa kusisita. Mozungulira mivi anaika pa mphambano za makalata pamalo kunja ngodya. kudula yekha mu nkhani iyi, izo nthawizonse zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha mtundu wa "AA".

m'dera mtanda gawo

The-gawo mtanda amaloledwa kuchita chimodzi chokha malo enieni chinthu. Izi okha kulingalira preform imatchedwa chipangizo m'deralo. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito paliponse chikukoka, muvi kunenanso chithunzi m'dera kugwirizana. Izi ndi zothandiza zithunzi za yaitali, koma mu mawonekedwe a gawo okhazikika-wa nkhani.

Chotero fano ukhoza kuchepetsedwa kwa mzere breakage kuthungo. Mitundu ya wochititsa mtanda zigawo chifukwa cha kutalika kwambiri angathe kuchitidwa ntchito njira imeneyi.

Chigawo chimenechi cha chifaniziro akuyima motsutsa yothandizira wavy mzere. mizere sizigwirizana ndi malire zina chithunzicho.

Chigawo wakume- chizindikiro mtundu fano "A". Mu mitundu zokhudzana monga chogwirizana kalata lakuti imaonekera.

gawo zina

mafano (maganizo, zigawo,-gawo mtanda) Mwina kuchitidwa pa ndege amene si ikufanana ndi magawo a chiyambidwe cha zolosera za. Iwo amatchedwa wowonjezera. njira zoterozo mu zojambula zomangamanga ntchito pamene sikutheka kusonyeza popanda kusokoneza akalumikidzidwa kapena makulidwe a mbali ina ya nkhani pakati.

gawo otere yolembedwa ndi mtundu "A". Lolingana zina gawo view chinthu kucheza naye muvi ndi anasaina kalata zofanana. Cholozera komanso momveka bwino kuonera malangizo cha woyang'anira lapansi.

Ngati kagawo optional ili mwachindunji pa lolingana chithunzi ziyerekezo, ndipo muvi chizindikiro ntchito kwa zojambula Sikuti.

Mitundu zina za mtanda zigawo akhoza zimayenda. Koma chachikulu chinthu malo ndi nditamva. Chifukwa zolembalemba monga "A" anawonjezera chizindikiro cha kasinthasintha.

Njira imeneyi amapewa kugwiritsa ntchito shading chikukoka. Izo silingamveke ndi impairs chithunzi kumva. Chifukwa kumuchitira zimenezi kuwongolera zithunzi.

chosokonekera

maganizo yachigawo akhoza adzaikidwa mu kusiyana, amene anapanga pakati pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za chifanizirocho. Izi zikhoza kuchitika pa kutambasuka lotsatira la ndege odulidwa. Koma kuchita zimenezi alandiridwa yekha pansi mawonekedwe symmetrical, amene analandira pa kung'ambika lapansi. Chigawo mtanda anamasulira mbali ina ya munda zojambula. Ndi akanakhalapo kuchita kasinthasintha.

Pakuti zigawo symmetrical wa zojambula kufufuza ndege si akamachita. Komanso, pali gawo pa chizindikiro ichi.

Ndime Asymmetrical ntchito mu chophukacho kapena superimposed chikukoka. Kufufuza za ndege pa chintchito ngati akamachita, koma kulemba makalata. Komanso, palibe lolembedwa.

Anawamasulira gawo anamuzungulira ndi wandiweyani, mosalekeza mizere. Ngati amanena kuti lakuti mzere wake akugwiritsa ntchito wochepa thupi, mosalekeza.

Ngati nkhani ya zigawo zingapo zofanana mizere ndi anatchulidwa kalata imodzi. Kucheza ndi kagawo kamodzi kokha.

wosalira

Images (mitundu, mabala, zigawo) kwa kupumula womvetsa akhoza m'Chingelezi chosavuta. Mfundo ndi malamulo ake amalamulira ndondomekoyi.

Pakuti kanjedza ofananira chiwembu kokha theka kudula kapena kwambiri ndi mwaufulu ndi ntchito. Pamene chinthu zinthu zina angapo zofanana pafupi mmodzi wa iwo okha. The zina ziwalo zofanana akukopeka schematically.

The ziyerekezo kwa mphambano ya mizere analola chosavuta. Koma ngati safuna fano mwatsatanetsatane.

Kuchita kujambula akalumikidzidwa yosavuta, mwachitsanzo, ngati m'pofunika kuti tione mitundu ya mtanda zigawo phirilo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yeniyeni Zithunzi lapansi. Zimenezi zimatithandiza kumvetsa zithunzi za. Pamene padziko munthu anasintha ndi zonse zimenezi, akhoza udzasokonezedwa.

Ngati wina zimaonekera bwino mu lina, malire awo si chinaneneratu kapena anasankha kuyesedwa.

Nepustotelye mbali symmetrical ndi mankhwala amaoneka mu zojambula pa nerassechennymi gawo kotenga. Ndipo ngati kukula kwa nkhani mu chithunzi cha zosakwana 2 mm, izo akufotokozedwa ndi kupatuka pa lonse chachikulu.

Kutanthauza pamalo athyathyathya akhoza kuchititsa opendekera mizere olimba.

Tiyeneranso adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti kugwirizana okhazikika ya magetsi kapena wailesi wosalira ndi zogwirizana mankhwala muyezo mtundu. Izi ndi zosabvuta lalikulu, amene nthawi dongosolo Wonse kwa zolembedwa mwaluso kwambiri. Iwo nthawi zambiri ntchito zojambula kumanga kwa mafakitale lalikulu amafuna chipangizo zimasonyeza mbali zigawo zikuluzikulu kapena njira.

Zina zapadera za simplifications

Ngati chithunzi mabala, zigawo, maganizo ankafotokozedwa mwachibadwa kukweza pamwamba, iwo akhoza kusiya. Izi zachitika mu njira inayake. Pali zofooka atatu.

Yoyamba zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito yothandizira woonda mzere wosweka. Izo zikhoza kupitirira malire a chifanizo ndi 2-4 mm. Komanso mizere mbali akhoza kugwirizana mosalekeza wavy mzere kapena lineart.

Wosalira zojambula, mzere lili amaloledwa kuchita odulidwa pakati pa kudula ndege ndipo akuona. Komanso, kumvetsa bwino za zithunzi zovuta ntchito zigawo.

Pamene apertures chifanizo cha zina (likulu magiya, keyways, pulleys) kwapatsidwa kokha ndondomeko zawo. Ngati ndege zodula alibe flange zozungulira oyenerera pa recess ndi, akamachita ake mu gawo.

Pankhani ya yambiri pa mbali, maukonde mosalekeza amaloledwa kuimira mbali yaing'ono ya zinthu kapena wosalira zojambula.

njira zimenezi akhoza kukwaniritsa chiyero cha chikukoka, kuti magawowa kumvetsa ake. Ndipotu, ntchito zomangamanga zojambula kwa chilengedwe cha mitundu yonse ya zinthu zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito limodzi mawu ophiphiritsa. Iwo ayenera kudziwa chilichonse katswiri amene ntchito chikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa zithunzi. Ndi khalidwe la zotsatira zake zomalizira zimadalira.

Atafufuza mitundu ya mtanda zigawo, n'zotheka kumvetsa mfundo za ntchito yawo ndi kumvetsa. Kutsatira malangizo mfundo mungathe kukwaniritsa zojambula wabwino wa chiyero. Izi facilitates ndondomeko ya kutanthauzira. Kumvetsa kusiyana pakati pa maganizo ndi kagawo gawo, podziwa gulu lawo lolondola ndi kulembetsa wa sayansi kujambula katswiri angalenge chithunzi choyenera. Ndi zovuta kumvetsa katswiri akuchita workpiece kapena chotsirizidwa, ndipo mudzatha polenga zofunikira za mu zigawo zogwirizana ndi mbali. Kuyambira ndondomeko izi zimatengera mtundu wa ulimi lonse.