Marxist Chaanthu: makhalidwe waukulu

Mphamvu ya Marxism pa Chaanthu kwa zaka za m'ma 20 anali amphamvu kwambiri. Karl Marx anafuna kuti akonze chiphunzitso mosamalitsa cholinga cha Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe, timakhulupirira mbiri. Ndithudi, anakwanitsa.

Sociology wa Marxism mu Russia lili ndi mbiri yake. Komabe, osati mu dziko lathu, chiphunzitso chimenechi anthu ochuluka otchuka. Marxism ndi imodzi mwa madera yaikulu za khalidwe la anthu a m'nthawi ya 20. Ambiri odziwika akatswiri a zochita za anthu, komanso chuma ndi otsatira ena a ziphunzitso achititsa kuti izo. Panopa, pali nkhani yaikulu pa Marxism. M'nkhani ino tikambirana za chakudya yaikulu ya chiphunzitso chimenechi.

Kodi maziko a Marxism

Kuti kumvetsa bwino zimene ndi Marxist Chaanthu, mwachidule tifufuza mbiriyakale yake. Friedrich Chichewa, wothandiza wa Karl ndi bwenzi lake, kuzindikiridwa miyambo atatu kuti potengera chiphunzitso. Izi nzeru German, French mbiri sayansi ndi English chuma ndale. Main Line, amene anatsatira Marx - chakale German nzeru. Karl nawo limodzi maganizo waukulu wa Hegel, imakhala chakuti anthu onse akudutsa magawo motsatizana pa chitukuko. Phunzirani English ndale chuma, Karl Marks (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) anali anadzetsa ankaphunzitsa mfundo za izo. Ndipo anandifotokozera zina mwa mfundo yofanana, makamaka, chiphunzitso ntchito ya phindu. Ife Socialists ndi mbiri yakale ku France, iye ndinabwereka lingaliro odziwika bwino, monga kulimbana kalasi.

Ngati anavomereza chiphunzitso cha asayansi awa onse, Chichewa ndi Marx khalidwe lawo kukonzedwa, chifukwa mu chiphunzitso atsopano kotheratu - Marxism Sociology. Mwachidule mwina chimatanthauza aloyi zachuma ndi sociological, ndi akatswiri ena ziphunzitso kuti n'zogwirizana ndi ndi yofunika, limene zosowa ntchito kalasi. chiphunzitso Marx ndi, makamaka, ndi kusanthula anthu capitalist ndi chi. Karl anafufuza matabwa ake, limagwirira, kusintha mosalephera. Pa nthawi yomweyo n'zodziwikiratu chakuti Khadili zikamera wa bizinesi ndi kusanthula mbiri chitukuko cha anthu ndi munthu.

Marxist njira

njira, amene amagwiritsa Marxist Chaanthu, kawirikawiri mtima zakuthupi dialectical. njira zachokera kumvetsa makamaka a dziko, chimene ungasinthe Mkhalidwe ngati maganizo a anthu, ndi zochitika zachilengedwe ndi anthu. kusintha anafotokoza ndi kulimbana kwa mkati osiyanasiyana ndi zotsutsana ndi zogwirizana.

Marxist Chaanthu ananena kuti ganizo - osati Mlengi, osati Mlengi. Izo zimanyezimiritsa chenicheni zakuthupi. Choncho, mu chidziwitso ndi kuphunzira dziko ziyenera kuchokera zenizeni palokha, ndipo si ku malingaliro. Komanso mwapadera, akuyendayenda Kapangidwe ka anthu, tiyenera kuyamba si njira ya kulingalira chibadidwe anthu kudzapatsidwa; koma kwa osunga mbiri.

Mfundo Determinism

Marxism, mmodzi wa Chaanthu waukulu amazindikira mfundo Determinism, chimene zochitika chikhalidwe ndi njira, pali chiyanjano causal. Asayansi Charles zinkandivuta kudziwa muyezo waukulu kudziwa zonse abale chikhalidwe ndi zochitika. Iwo sakanakhoza kupeza cholinga muyezo kwa kusankha zimenezi. Marxist Chaanthu ananena kuti chuma (kupanga) Kukhala paubwenzi ayenera kuonedwa ngati zimenezi. Karl Marx ankakhulupirira kuti chitukuko cha anthu - kusintha kwa magawo a ulimi.

wokhalapo Social Mzimuyo chikumbumtima

moyo Social, malinga Marx, anatsimikiza kuti m'mbuyomo chitukuko mbiri ya anthu ndi malamulo umoyo-mbiri. Omaliza, kaya chifuniro ndi kutsitsimuka kwa anthu. Anthu sangathe kusintha iwo, koma iwo akhoza kutsegula kusintha kwa iwo. Choncho, lingaliro n'zosatheka kuti chitukuko cha anthu anatsimikiza mwa chifuniro cha anthu, kuti ndi chikumbumtima Mzimuyo kuti anatsutsa Marxism. Umunthu Mzimuyo manyazi, ndipo sakanachita.

Zotsatira Marxism Sociology

Karl Marx ndi Friedrich Chichewa anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti timvetse bwino zimene ayenera kutengedwa ngati nkhani za khalidwe la anthu ambiri. sayansi, maganizo awo, asanthule moyo weniweni wa anthu, zimene zili, osati iwoŵa amene okha. The zapamwamba za Marxism kulimbikitsa ndithu limene nkhani za khalidwe la anthu ambiri adzakhala anthu, sankaoneka ngati chopereka ubale osiyanasiyana othandiza unalipo pakati pa anthu ndi kugwirizana ndi otchedwa generic akamanena za munthu. Pankhani imeneyi kumvetsa bwino nkhani yake kufunika matanthauzo lalikulu limene mwalandira Marx monga akamanena za munthu, chikhalidwe, ntchito, anthu. Kuona mwachidule aliyense wa iwo.

Akamanena za munthuyo

Marx ndi Chichewa, kuchitira munthu ndi udindo chuma, kuyesera kuti aone zomwe ndi kusiyana kwa nyama. Iwo ankafuna kudziwa chiyani kulunjika wake monga munthu generic. Karl kuti munthu si munthu wachibadwa, komanso anthu, kuti zipangizo mfundo za moyo wawo chikhalidwe ndi thupi, mwa ubale ndi dziko. Akamanena za munthu, malinga Marx, ndi ntchito yake, kupanga ntchito. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti moyo wake waphindu ndi moyo wa generic. Carl ananena kuti pamene anthu anayamba kutulutsa zinthu zofunika zawo, iwo anayamba amadzipereka ku dziko nyama.

ntchito

Tsopano ndikuuzeni mmene tingagwiritsire ntchito ku ntchito Chaanthu Marxism. Marx ndi Chichewa anawona izo ngati ntchito amazindikira anthu, umalimbana nzeru vuto ndi chikhalidwe. Karl limati munthu kuti musankhe chinthu chibadwidwe mawonekedwe abwino kwa moyo wake, ndikulakwa zoyenda zachilengedwe amene ali thupi lake. Timvere dziko kunja mwa gululi, kusintha, anthu nthawi yomweyo asinthe chikhalidwe chake. Labor, malinga Marxism, walenga osati munthu, komanso anthu. Zikuoneka chifukwa cha ubale wa anthu, chifukwa mu ndondomeko ya ntchito.

chikhalidwe

Kumvetsetsa kwa chikhalidwe ndi ubale wake ndi chitaganya chisanadze Marxist Chaanthu makamaka amatanthauza munthu siyana zotsatirazi:

• idealist (anthu ndi mwachilengedwe osadalira pa wina ndi mzake, ndi chochita, monga mfundo qualitatively osiyana);
• zotukwana chuma (njira zonse chikhalidwe ndi zochitika mu chikhalidwe ndi kumvera malamulo ofala).

Philosophy ndi Sociology wa Marxism akhala akudzudzula onse mfundo izi. Akufuna chiphunzitso cha Karl zikusonyeza kuti madera zachilengedwe ndi anthu ndi m'maganizo Mkhalidwe. Komabe, pali kugwirizana pakati pawo. Kufotokoza kapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha malamulo a anthu sangathe akutsatira malamulo kwachilengedwenso. Pa nthawi yomweyo sitingathe kwathunthu kunyalanyaza zinthu zamoyo kuti ndi kuyang'ana kukayankha chikhalidwe.

anthu

Karl Marx kuti munthu isiyana ndi nyama cholinga ntchito ntchito. Iye anafotokozera za kampani (kutenga nkhani yakuti pakati pa mwamuna ndi chikhalidwe ikuchitika kagayidwe) monga ya maubwenzi anthu ku cikondano ndi chilengedwe. Society, malinga Marx, ndi dongosolo la zimachitika pakati pa anthu, ozikidwa okhudza chuma. Anthu amabwera kwa iwo ngati kuli kofunika. Iwo sadalira chifuniro chawo.

Sangathe kunena zabwino kapena zoipa Marxist Chaanthu. Chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe kusonyeza kuti mbali zina za anthu anafotokoza Marx akasankha malo. Choncho, lero si chimatha chidwi mu malingaliro mfundo Karl.

Base ndi superstructure

Anthu kulikonse kuima m'munsi ndi superstructure (malinga ndi chiphunzitso monga Marxism sayansi chikhalidwe). Makhalidwe waukulu mfundo ziwirizi, ife tione.

N'chiyani lomwe pali co-ulimi wa chuma. Imakhala chikhalidwe ndi munthu kuli munthu. Yopanga Karlom Marksom ankamuona ngati ntchito zachilengedwe mothandizidwa ndi ntchito yoyenera mwa anthu. Asayansi apeza zinthu zotsatirazi (zinthu) za ulimi:

• ntchito, kuti ndi purposive ntchito za munthu, umalimbana chilengedwe cha anthu kapena chuma ena mwa anthu;
• zinthu za ntchito, kutanthauza anthu amene akukhudzidwa ndi anthu ndi ntchito zawo (izi zikhonza kukhala pansi zipangizo processing, kapena chilengedwe cha deta);
• Kudzera mwa ntchito, ndiye mothandizidwa ndi zimene anthu akuchita pa izi kapena zinthu zina ntchito.

Njira ya ulimi monga zinthu ndi njira ya ntchito. Komabe, iwo okha zinthu akufa, bola ngati anthu samadziwa kugwirizana ndi ntchito zawo. Choncho, ngati Marx ananenera, ndi munthu - ndi zoopsa chinthu cha ulimi.

Maziko a anthu oterewa njira ndi zinthu za ntchito, anthu ndi luso lawo ndi kuntchito, komanso asapita kupanga. Social superstructure mawonekedwe onse zochitika ena okhudzidwa kuti kuonekera pamene munakonza chuma. Kuti zinthuzo monga andale ndi malamulo mabungwe, komanso mitundu ya kutsitsimuka chikhalidwe (nzeru, chipembedzo, zojambulajambula, sayansi, makhalidwe abwino, ndi zina zotero. D.).

maziko Economic, malinga ndi ziphunzitso za Marx, ndiyo superstructure. Komabe, si mbali zonse za superstructure maziko Mzimuyo mofanana. The superstructure nayenso ali ndi chikoka pa izo. Monga ine ananena Chichewa (chithunzi cha zapatsidwa pamwambazi), koma pamapeto pake zochita za maziko angatchedwe yovuta.

Kupatuka ndi mtundu uliwonse

Kupatuka - ndi cholinga kulekana kwa nkhani zochitika ndondomeko kapena zotsatira zake. Marx ankaona vutoli mwatsatanetsatane mu ntchito yake yakuti "nthanthi Mipukutu", olengedwa mwa 1844, koma zimaikidwa mu 30s kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Mu pepala ichi, vuto la ntchito otalikirana amaonedwa ngati njira zoyambirira za kupatuka. Karl Marx zikusonyeza kuti mbali yofunika kwambiri ya "mitundu wabwino" (uthunthu) ndi kufunika kuchita kulenga, free ntchito. Bizinesi, malinga ndi Carl, mwadongosolo wawononga zosowa za aliyense. Ndi udindo uwu umachitika mwa Chaanthu Marxist.

Mitundu ya amadzifunsa kuti Marx, zotsatirazi:

• zotsatira za ntchito;
• kwa ndondomeko ntchito;
• ndi chikhalidwe chake (mwamuna ndi "mitundu wabwino" m'njira yakuti ngati chikhalidwe ufulu ndi chilengedwe, wamanga mwini (mtundu) ndi dziko);
• ku dziko lakunja (authunthu, anthu).

Ngati wogwira ntchito sikuli zotsatira za ntchito yake, payenera kukhala pali chinachake chimene iye alimo. Mofananamo, ngati ndondomeko ya ntchito (ntchito) sikuli kwa wantchito, ndi mwini. Munthu wina, kutchedwa exploiter, mwina cholengedwa mlendo, ndi chikhalidwe kapena Mulungu. Chifukwa, pali chuma payekha, amenenso Imafufuza Chaanthu wa Marxism.

Mitundu ya opatuka (Marx), pamwamba, angathe kuthetsedwa mwa kulenga dziko latsopano, amene anamasulidwa ku dyera ndi kudzikonda. Osachepera, kotero kunena Socialists, amene amakhulupirira kuti chitukuko zachuma osati kusiyidwa. malingaliro Karla Marksa amadziwika kuti kuigwiritsa ntchito pa chosintha. Marxist Chaanthu wachita yofunika kwambiri osati sayansi komanso mu mbiri. Sizikudziwika mmene kukhala m'dziko lathu m'zaka za m'ma 20, ngati Bolsheviks sanatenge maganizo. Onse zabwino ndi zoipa kubweretsa moyo wa anthu Soviet Chaanthu wa Marxism, ndi pano kwathunthu kuchotsa iwo.

Mwa njira, osati Socialists ntchito maganizo mfundo Karl. Kodi munamvapo malangizo monga Marxism malamulo? M'munsimu muli mfundo zikuluzikulu.

Marxism malamulo

Mu mbiri ya Russian sociological lingaliro la 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20, malo ofunika kwambiri kulamulidwa ndi Chaanthu wa Marxism malamulo. Mwachidule zikhoza kukhala zoona maganizo ndi ongolankhula anafotokoza. Ichi ndi chionetsero cha bourgeois owolowa manja lingaliro. Malamulo Marxism mu Chaanthu inachokera pa malingaliro Marxist. Iwo anali makamaka zokhudzana ndi chiphunzitso zachuma zifukwa chakuti chitukuko cha bizinesi mu dziko lathu mbiri mosalephera. chimafuna anatsutsa mfundo za populism. Oimira otchuka Marxism malamulo: M. Tugan-Baranowski, Struve ndi Bulgakov ndi Berdyaev. Sociology wa Marxism kenako kusanduka cha chipembedzo ndi n'zosatheka.

Ndithudi, ife mwachidule za phunziro, analengedwa ndi Charles. Sociology wa Marxism ndi mulingo wake - mutu waukulu, koma mfundo amafotokoza akhala anafotokoza m'nkhani ino.