Mapuloteni akupanga: kodi tikudziwa chiyani za izo?

Monga mukudziwira, mapuloteni ndi ofunikira komanso chofunikira cha chiwalo chilichonse chamoyo. Iwo ali ndi udindo pa kagayidwe ka shuga ndi kusinthika kwa mphamvu, zomwe ziri zosagwirizana kwambiri ndi pafupifupi njira zonse za moyo. Nkhani yowuma ya ziwalo zambiri ndi ziwalo za nyama ndi anthu, komanso zoposa 50% za tizilombo tonse timeneti, zimakhala ndi mapuloteni (kuyambira 40% mpaka 50%). M'dziko lachimera, kuchepa kwao kuli kochepa kwambiri kuposa kawirikawiri, ndipo mu nyama - zambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mankhwala omwe amapangidwa ndi anthu ambiri samadziwika. Tiyeni tikumbukire zomwe ziri mkati mwazikuluzikulu zamadzimadzi zowonongeka.

Mapuloteni akupanga

Mafutawa ali ndi pafupifupi 50-55% ya carbon, 15-17% ya nayitrogeni, 21-23% ya oxygen, ndi 0,3-2.5% ya sulufule. Kuphatikiza pa zigawo zikuluzikuluzi, nthawizina mapuloteni amaphatikizapo zinthu, zomwe zimakhala zochepa kwambiri. Choyamba, ndi phosphorous, chitsulo, ayodini, mkuwa ndi zina zowonjezera. N'zosadabwitsa kuti nayitrojeni ndi yowonjezereka kwambiri, pomwe zomwe zilipo zikuluzikulu zimasiyana. Pofotokoza momwe amapangira mapuloteni, tiyenera kudziwika kuti ndi mankhwala osakanizidwa omwe amapezeka kuchokera ku amino acid otsalira, omwe amapezeka m'madzi osatenga nawo mbali pH mawonekedwe ake onse akhoza kulembedwa monga NH3 + CHRCOO-.

Pakati pa "njerwa" izi zimagwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa amide pakati pa magulu a carboxyl ndi amine. Pafupifupi, mapuloteni osiyana 1,000 amapezeka mwachilengedwe. Kalasiyi imaphatikizapo ma antibodies, mavitamini, mahomoni ambiri ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, ndi mitundu yosiyana siyanayi, mapuloteniwo akhoza kuphatikizapo amino acid osapitirira 30 , 20 omwe ndi otchuka kwambiri. Mu thupi laumunthu, 22 zokha zilipo, zotsalira sizimangotengedwa ndipo zimachotsedwa. Mankhwala aminosi asanu ndi atatu a gululi amawoneka kuti sangasinthike. Awa ndi leucine, methionine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, threonine ndi valine. Zamoyo zawo sizingakhoze kupanga zokha paokha, choncho zimafuna kuvomerezedwa kwawo. Zina zonse (taurine, arginine, glycine, carnitine, asparagine, histidine, cysteine, glutamine, alanine, ornithine, tyrosine, proline, serine, cystine). Choncho, amino acid amenewa ndi a gulu la anthu omwe alowa m'malo mwawo. Malingana ndi kukhalapo kwa mapuloteni a gulu loyamba, komanso pa kukula kwake kwa thupi, mapuloteniwa amagawidwa mokwanira komanso osakwanira. Kawirikawiri kudya kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa munthu kumakhala pakati pa 1 mpaka 2 magalamu pa kilogalamu yolemera. Pachifukwa ichi, anthu omwe ali otsika amafunika kumamatira ku malire a m'munsiwu, ndi omenyana - apamwamba.

Momwe mapangidwe a mapuloteni amawerengedwera

Kuphunzira zinthu izi, njira ya hydrolysis imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka. Chipuloteni cha chidwi chimatenthetsa ndi kuchepetsa hydrochloric acid (6-10 mol / lita) pa kutentha kwa 100 ° C mpaka 1100 ° C. Chotsatira chake, chimakhala chosakaniza cha amino acid, zomwe kale zimadziwika kuti ndi amino acid. Pakalipano, pepala, komanso kusinthanitsa kwa ion-chromatography, imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ophunziridwa. Palinso ofufuza enieni omwe amadziwika okha, omwe mosavuta amadziŵa kuti amino acids amapangidwa chifukwa cha kuvunda.