Chikhalidwe cha anthu: zinthu za chikhalidwe. Mfundo zazikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu

Poyandikira kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zigawo zake, wina ayenera kukumbukira za zoperewera za chidziwitso ichi. Kotero, molingana ndi B. Russell, kuphunzira za kapangidwe ka chinthucho sikwanira kwa chidziwitso chake chonse. Ngakhale pakufufuza kwathunthu chikhalidwecho, timangogwirizana ndi khalidwe la magawo onse a chikhalidwecho komanso momwe zimakhalira pakati pawo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ifeyo timalephera kuwona chiyanjano cha chinthu chopatsidwa ndi zinthu zina zomwe sizomwe zimapangidwira. Mapangidwe a anthu, zigawo za chikhalidwe cha anthu - izi zigawo sizowonongeka, zimatseketsa zigawo zogwirira ntchito. M'malo mwake, ntchito zawo zonse zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kugwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zina za umunthu.

Mfundo zazikulu

Lingaliro lakumangika mukutanthauzira kwa liwu limatanthawuza gulu la zinthu zomwe zimadalira ndikugwirizanitsa pakati pawo zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe a mkati mwa chinthucho.

Pachifukwachi, chikhalidwe cha anthu chimapangidwa ndi dongosolo lozikambirana, magulu a anthu, mabungwe ndi maubwenzi pakati pawo, makonzedwe apakati a anthu (gulu la anthu). Choncho, anthu ndiwo malo akuluakulu omwe amatanthauzira lingaliro la "chikhalidwe cha anthu".

Zida za chikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa zolumikizana pakati pawo

Mapangidwe a chinthucho amadziwika ndi mapangidwe a zinthu, dongosolo la malo awo, chikhalidwe cha kudalira wina ndi mnzake. Zolumikizana pakati pawo zingakhale zabwino, zoipa, komanso zosaloŵerera. Poyambirira, ndizokhazikitsa ndondomeko yokonza dongosololo kudzera mu maulumikiziwa, m'chiwiri ndikuchepa mu bungwe, pachitatu - maulumikizi samakhudza mlingo wa bungwe mu dongosolo.

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu angagawidwe m'magulu akulu atatu:

• Anthu;
• Miyoyo ya anthu;
• Makampani.

Cholengedwa chachilengedwe cha munthu aliyense

Munthu amene amamuona ngati munthu wamba, woimira mtundu wa Homo sapiens, amadziwika ngati munthu.

B.G. Ananiev amasiyanitsa magulu awiri a katundu omwe amadziwika payekha - apamwamba ndi apamwamba.

Zomwe zimayambira zimatanthauza kukhalapo kwa:

• Zizindikiro zakale (zofanana ndi zaka zina);
• Kugonana ndi dimorphism (kugonana);
• Zomwe zimadziwika payekha (zizindikiro za ubongo, zenizeni za machitidwe okhwima a ma hemispheres, zigawo za malamulo).

Mwachigawo chonse, chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha munthu chimapanganso zinthu zake zachiwiri:

• Mphamvu za psychophysiological ntchito;
• Makhalidwe a zosowa zakuthupi.

Potero, kulankhula mu nkhaniyi ndi za chikhalidwe cha munthu.

Chikhalidwe cha munthu aliyense. Lingaliro la umunthu

Nthawi zina, lingaliro la munthu payekha limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti liyimirire ngati munthu wokhalapo - woimira anthu. Komabe, chilengedwe chake sichichotsedwa.

Komabe, pamene kuli kofunika kutsimikizira za chikhalidwe cha anthu, lingaliro la munthu payekha limatsatiridwa ndi lingaliro la "umunthu". Makhalidwe akuyimira nkhani za chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso ntchito yodziwa. Mukutanthauzira kwina, lingaliro limeneli limagwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauzira khalidwe lachidziwitso la munthu, lomwe limapangidwa mu ntchito yogwirizana ndi kuyankhulana.

Pali malingaliro ambiri omwe amachitira lingaliro la umunthu kuchokera kumbali imodzi kapena lina, koma mwa iwo onse chinsinsi ndicho chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha munthu yemwe amachita monga gawo la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kaya mwaichi chikhalidwe cha munthu ndi chofunika kwambiri kuposa chiwerengero cha anthu, funsoli ndi losavuta, lofunikanso kuganizira mozama za zomwe zikuchitika.

Lingaliro la chikhalidwe

Lingaliro limeneli ndilokhazikika bwino kwa anthu, omwe amadziwika ndi zikhalidwe zofanana ndi moyo wawo, komanso zofuna zawo.

Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya anthu ammudzi:

• Chiwerengero;
• Zoonadi.

Pachiyambi choyamba ndi funso la magulu omwe amatchulidwa monga magulu a anthu, m'chigawo chachiŵiri - zokhudzana ndi kagulu ka anthu. Komanso, malo amtundu weniweni akhoza kukhala a mitundu itatu:

• Chosangalatsa;
• Gulu (ang'ono / lalikulu magulu).

Choncho, deta yolembedwa, kulembedwa kwa dera loperekedwa ndi anthu okhala mumzinda wina, ndi chitsanzo cha chiwerengero cha anthu. Koma, ngati tikukamba za zochitika zenizeni za nzika zenizeni, tikhoza kukambirana za anthu enieni.

Ndizozoloŵera kufotokozera anthu ammudzi omwe siwamagwirizanane ndi anthu ena, koma amagwirizanitsa pamakhalidwe ena pamakhalidwe ena.

Chikhalidwe cha magulu

Ndizozoloŵera kufotokozera magulu a anthu kukhala gulu la anthu akuyankhulana wina ndi mzake, kuzindikira kuyanjana kwawo ndi kuzindikira kwa ena ngati dera linalake.

Gulu la anthu ammudzi ndi lalikulu ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono. Zitsanzo za zoyamba ndizo:

• Madera amitundu (mafuko, mafuko, mitundu, mafuko);
• Chikhalidwe cha anthu (chikhalidwe cha zaka zogonana);
• Zogwirizana ndi anthu (kumakhala nthawi yaitali m'gawo lomwelo, kukhala ndi moyo wofanana mofanana wina ndi mnzake);
• Zolinga za anthu / strata (strata) za anthu (zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zokhudzana ndi kusiyana pakati pa ntchito, chikhalidwe cha anthu).

Kugawidwa kwa gulu motsatira ndondomeko ya kalasi kumayambira pa chiyanjano cha chiyanjano cha gulu ndi umwini wa njira zopangira, komanso momwe zimakhalira katundu. Makalasi amadziwika ndi machitidwe onse a zachuma ndi zachuma, malingaliro apamwamba, awo "ndondomeko" ya khalidwe.

Malemba ndi strata (social strata) akuchitika kupitilira pazochitika za moyo ndi ntchito ya mamembala. Strata ndi magulu apakati (osasintha) magulu omwe alibe ubale wapadera ndi njira zopangira (mosiyana ndi kalasi).

Magulu akuluakulu ndi apamwamba

Kwa chikhalidwe choyambirira ndi chizoloŵezi chokhala ndi anthu ang'onoang'ono mwa anthu omwe amatha kuyanjana mwachindunji wina ndi mzake, malinga ndi makhalidwe omwe ali nawo pazomwe akulankhulana. Chigawo ichi cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndizochokera m'banja. Pano mungathe kuphatikiza magulu pa zofuna, masewera a masewera, ndi zina. Maubwenzi m'magulu amenewa, monga malamulo, ndi osalongosoka, mpaka pachibwenzi. Magulu apakati amagwira ntchito monga mgwirizano pakati pa munthu ndi gulu, mgwirizano womwe umayikidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Zinthu za chikhalidwe cha anthu, magulu ena apamtunda ndi aakulu kwambiri kuposa omwe ali pachiyambi, komanso mgwirizano wambiri, wosagwirizana pakati pa ophunzirawo. Chofunika kwambiri m'magulu awa ndizochita zomwe gululi likuchita kugwira ntchito zina komanso kukwaniritsa zolinga zofanana. Ponena za maonekedwe a anthu omwe ali nawo, akutsogoleredwa kumbuyo. Kwa magulu amenewa ndizotheka kunyamula, mwachitsanzo, kugwira ntchito limodzi.

Social Institutions

Chinthu china chofunikira pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi gulu la anthu. Kwa anthu ammudziwa amawoneka okhazikika, mawonekedwe a mbiri yakale a bungwe la zochitika za anthu. Izi zikhonza kuphatikizapo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma, maphunziro, banja, ndi zina. Ntchito ya bungwe lirilonse laling'ono ndikumvetsetsa zosowa zina za anthu. Ngati vutoli likukhala lopanda ntchito, bungwe limasiya ntchito kapena limakhala ngati mwambo. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Soviet ku Russia, bungwe lachipembedzo linasintha kwambiri ndipo linasiya kugwira ntchito ngati bungwe lachikhalidwe. Padakali pano, adayambanso kukhala ndi ufulu wake wonse komanso amagwira ntchito momasuka, pamodzi ndi mabungwe ena.

Mitundu yotsatila yotsatilazi ikuonekera:

• Ndale;
• Chuma;
• Maphunziro;
• Zipembedzo;
• Banja.

Mabungwe onse a chikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe za anthu amtundu wawo ali ndi malingaliro awoawo, ndondomeko ndi malamulo, komanso njira yothetsera chikhalidwe cha anthu pa kukhazikitsa malamulowa.

Ngakhale zili zofanana, chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso magulu achipembedzo monga zigawo zazikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu sichimagwirizana, ngakhale kuti akhoza kufotokozera anthu amodzi. Bungwe la chikhalidwe ndi cholinga chopanga mgwirizano wa mtundu wina pakati pa anthu potsalira malamulo ovomerezeka. Pothandizidwa ndi zikhalidwe izi, anthu amakhalanso ndi magulu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ntchito ya bungwe lirilonse limagwirizanitsa ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a magulu omwe amadziwitsa zoyenera kuchita pazokhazikitso.

Choncho, chikhalidwe cha anthu, zochitika za chikhalidwe cha anthu zimadziwika ndi njira yovuta yolumikizana, kuyambira pa msinkhu wa munthu payekha ndikumaliza ndi magulu akuluakulu. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri siinangokhala ndi maubwenzi okhaokha, koma ndi osalongosoka, omwe amawonekera pa magulu otsogolera.